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The transverse momentum per particle, $[p_t]$, fluctuates event by event in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions, for a given multiplicity. These fluctuations are small and approximately Gaussian, but a non-zero skewness has been…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-08-21 Rupam Samanta , João Paulo Picchetti , Matthew Luzum , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

We propose the skewness of mean transverse momentum, $\langle p_t \rangle$, fluctuations as a fine probe of hydrodynamic behavior in relativistic nuclear collisions. We describe how the skewness of the $\langle p_t \rangle$ distribution can…

The event-by-event p_T-fluctuations in proton-proton and central Pb-Pb collisions, which have been experimentally studied by means of the so-called Phi-measure, are analyzed. The contribution due to the correlation which couples the average…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-04-15 Robert Korus , Stanislaw Mrowczynski

We apply principal component analysis to the study of event-by-event fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. This method brings out all the information contained in two-particle correlations in a physically transparent way. We…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-04-20 Rajeev S. Bhalerao , Jean-Yves Ollitrault , Subrata Pal , Derek Teaney

The fluctuation theorem is a pivotal result of statistical physics. It quantifies the probability of observing fluctuations which are in violation of the second law of thermodynamics. More specifically, it quantifies the ratio of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-08-26 M. Belushkin , R. Livi , G. Foffi

The strongly intensive measures $\Delta[P_T,N]$ and $\Sigma[P_T,N]$ are used to study the event-by-event fluctuations of the transverse momentum $P_T$ and particle multiplicity $N$ in nucleus-nucleus collisions. A special normalization for…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-03-12 Mark I. Gorenstein , Katarzyna Grebieszkow

We show that in ideal hydrodynamic simulations of heavy-ion collisions, initial state fluctuations result in an increase of the mean transverse momentum of outgoing hadrons, $\langle p_t\rangle$. Specifically, $\langle p_t\rangle$ is larger…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-02-03 Fernando G. Gardim , Giuliano Giacalone , Matthew Luzum , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

The connection between initial-state geometry and anisotropic flow can be quantified through a well-established mapping between $p_T$-integrated flow harmonics and cumulants of the initial transverse energy distribution. In this paper we…

Multiplicity fluctuations in limited segments of momentum space are calculated for a classical pion gas within the statistical model. Results for the grand canonical, canonical, and micro-canonical ensemble are obtained, compared and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Michael Hauer

In this paper, we implement Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to study the single particle distributions generated from thousands of {\tt VISH2+1} hydrodynamic simulations with an aim to explore if a machine could directly discover flow…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-01-08 Ziming Liu , Wenbin Zhao , Huichao Song

Measurements of event-by-event fluctuations of the mean transverse momentum in Pb-Au collisions at 40, 80, and 158 A GeV/c are presented. A significant excess of mean p_T fluctuations at mid-rapidity is observed over the expectation from…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2012-08-27 CERES Collaboration

Event-by-event fluctuations in the initial density distributions of the fireballs created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions lead to event-by-event fluctuations of the final anisotropic flow angles, and density inhomogeneities in the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-01 Ulrich W. Heinz , Zhi Qiu , Chun Shen

In heavy ion collisions, event-by-event fluctuations in participating nucleon positions can lead to triangular flow. With fluctuating initial conditions, flow coefficients will also fluctuate. In a hydrodynamic model, we study the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-05-30 A. K. Chaudhuri

Event-by-event fluctuations caused by quantum mechanical fluctuations in the wave function of colliding nuclei in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions were recently shown to be necessary for the simultaneous description of $R_{AA}$ as…

The entropy per particle in most Monte-Carlo simulations is size dependent due to correlated energy fluctuations. Guided by nanothermodynamics, we find a constraint for the Ising model that enhances the fluctuations and lowers the free…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-04-28 Ralph V. Chamberlin , George H. Wolf

We present the first study of the energy dependence of $p_t$ angular correlations inferred from event-wise mean transverse momentum $<p_{t} >$ fluctuations in heavy ion collisions. We compare our large-acceptance measurements at CM energies…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2014-11-18 J. Adams

Event-by-event mean transverse momentum fluctuations ($\langle p_\mathrm{T}\rangle$) serve as a sensitive probe of initial state overlap geometry and energy density fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We present a systematic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-02-14 Liuyao Zhang , Jinhui Chen , Chunjian Zhang

Multiplicity fluctuations are one of the most crucial observables in the Beam Energy Scan program of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. It is understood that they can be utilized to probe the whereabouts of the critical point on the phase…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-02-12 Hong-Hao Ma , Dan Wen , Kai Lin , Wei-Liang Qian , Bin Wang , Yogiro Hama , Takeshi Kodama

One of the greatest uncertainties in heavy-ion collisions is the description of the initial state. Different models predict a wide range of initial energy density distributions based on their underlying assumptions. Final flow harmonics are…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-07-28 Patrick Carzon , Matthew D. Sievert , Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler

Event-by-event fluctuations in the initial stages of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions depend little on rapidity. The hydrodynamic expansion which occurs in later stages then gives rise to correlations among outgoing particles…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2024-08-30 Tribhuban Parida , Rupam Samanta , Jean-Yves Ollitrault