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We present ReFoRCE, a Text-to-SQL agent that tops the Spider 2.0 leaderboard--a challenging benchmark reflecting complex, real-world Text-to-SQL scenarios. While Text-to-SQL systems enable natural language queries over structured databases,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Minghang Deng , Ashwin Ramachandran , Canwen Xu , Lanxiang Hu , Zhewei Yao , Anupam Datta , Hao Zhang

NoSQL databases have become increasingly popular due to their outstanding performance in handling large-scale, unstructured, and semi-structured data, highlighting the need for user-friendly interfaces to bridge the gap between…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jinwei Lu , Yuanfeng Song , Zhiqian Qin , Haodi Zhang , Chen Zhang , Raymond Chi-Wing Wong

Text-to-SQL, a pivotal natural language processing (NLP) task that converts textual queries into executable SQL, has seen substantial progress in recent years. However, existing evaluation and reward mechanisms used to train and assess the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guifeng Wang , Yuanfeng Song , Meng Yang , Tao Zhu , Xiaoming Yin , Xing Chen

Relational databases are foundational to numerous domains, including business intelligence, scientific research, and enterprise systems. However, accessing and analyzing structured data often requires proficiency in SQL, which is a skill…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Luyu Qiu , Jianing Li , Chi Su , Lei Chen

With Large Language Models' (LLMs) emergent abilities on code generation tasks, Text-to-SQL has become one of the most popular downstream applications. Despite the strong results of multiple recent LLM-based Text-to-SQL frameworks, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Dazhi Peng

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved performance on the Text-to-SQL task by leveraging their powerful reasoning capabilities. To enhance accuracy during the reasoning process, external Process Reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuxin Zhang , Meihao Fan , Ju Fan , Mingyang Yi , Yuyu Luo , Jian Tan , Guoliang Li

Large Language Model-based (LLM-based) Text-to-SQL methods have achieved important progress in generating SQL queries for real-world applications. When confronted with table content-aware questions in real-world scenarios, ambiguous data…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Wenbo Xu , Liang Yan , Chuanyi Liu , Peiyi Han , Haifeng Zhu , Yong Xu , Yingwei Liang , Bob Zhang

This work reframes the Text-to-SQL task as a pathway for teaching large language models (LLMs) to reason over and manipulate tabular data--moving beyond the traditional focus on query generation. We propose a two-stage framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Josefa Lia Stoisser , Marc Boubnovski Martell , Julien Fauqueur

Text-to-SQL generation enables non-experts to interact with databases via natural language. Recent advances rely on large closed-source models like GPT-4 that present challenges in accessibility, privacy, and latency. To address these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Satya Krishna Gorti , Ilan Gofman , Zhaoyan Liu , Jiapeng Wu , Noël Vouitsis , Guangwei Yu , Jesse C. Cresswell , Rasa Hosseinzadeh

State-of-the-art (SOTA) Text-to-SQL methods still lag significantly behind human experts on challenging benchmarks like BIRD. Current approaches that explore test-time scaling lack an orchestrated strategy and neglect the model's internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Pengfei Wang , Baolin Sun , Xuemei Dong , Yaxun Dai , Hongwei Yuan , Mengdie Chu , Yingqi Gao , Xiang Qi , Peng Zhang , Ying Yan

Translating natural language utterances to executable queries is a helpful technique in making the vast amount of data stored in relational databases accessible to a wider range of non-tech-savvy end users. Prior work in this area has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Karthik Radhakrishnan , Arvind Srikantan , Xi Victoria Lin

Conversational text-to-SQL aims at converting multi-turn natural language queries into their corresponding SQL (Structured Query Language) representations. One of the most intractable problems of conversational text-to-SQL is modelling the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Yuntao Li , Hanchu Zhang , Yutian Li , Sirui Wang , Wei Wu , Yan Zhang

Recent neural text-to-SQL models can effectively translate natural language questions to corresponding SQL queries on unseen databases. Working mostly on the Spider dataset, researchers have proposed increasingly sophisticated solutions to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Torsten Scholak , Raymond Li , Dzmitry Bahdanau , Harm de Vries , Chris Pal

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in assisting users to query databases in natural language. While LLM-based techniques provide state-of-the-art results on many standard benchmarks, their performance significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Nina Narodytska , Shay Vargaftik

In this work, we present X-SQL, a new network architecture for the problem of parsing natural language to SQL query. X-SQL proposes to enhance the structural schema representation with the contextual output from BERT-style pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-23 Pengcheng He , Yi Mao , Kaushik Chakrabarti , Weizhu Chen

Translating users' natural language queries (NL) into SQL queries (i.e., Text-to-SQL, a.k.a. NL2SQL) can significantly reduce barriers to accessing relational databases and support various commercial applications. The performance of…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Xinyu Liu , Shuyu Shen , Boyan Li , Peixian Ma , Runzhi Jiang , Yuxin Zhang , Ju Fan , Guoliang Li , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

In recent years,Text-to-SQL, the problem of automatically converting questions posed in natural language to formal SQL queries, has emerged as an important problem at the intersection of natural language processing and data management…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Ke Shen , Mayank Kejriwal

Schema linking is a critical step in Text-to-SQL task, aiming to accurately predict the table names and column names required for the SQL query based on the given question. However, current fine-tuning approaches for schema linking models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Wuzhenghong Wen , Su Pan , yuwei Sun

Text-to-SQL ensembles improve over single-candidate generation by drawing multiple SQL candidates and selecting one, but their effectiveness is bounded by Pass@K, the probability that at least one of K candidates is correct. Existing…

Text-to-SQL systems enable users to interact with structured databases using natural language, eliminating the need for specialized programming knowledge. In this work, we introduce GEMMA-SQL, a lightweight and efficient text-to-SQL model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Hari Mohan Pandey , Anshul Gupta , Subham Sarkar , Minakshi Tomer , Schneider Johannes , Yan Gong