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Parking functions are tuples that describe the parking of $M$ cars on a street with $M$ parking spots. In this paper, we define exact $k$-typed parking functions ($k$-TPFs) to be a variant of classical parking functions. We then establish…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Aalliyah Celestine , Jacob van der Leeuw , Lina Liu

Parking functions were classically defined for $n$ cars attempting to park on a one-way street with $n$ parking spots, where cars only drive forward. Subsequently, parking functions have been generalized in various ways, including allowing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-08 Roger Tian

Consider $n$ cars $C_1, C_2, \ldots, C_n$ that want to park in a parking lot with parking spaces $1,2,\ldots,n$ that appear in order. Each car $C_i$ has a parking preference $\alpha_i \in \{1,2,\ldots,n\}$. The cars appear in order, if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-29 Melanie Tian , Enrique Treviño

Parking functions of length $n$ are well known to be in correspondence with both labelled trees on $n+1$ vertices and factorizations of the full cycle $\sigma_n=(0\,1\,\cdots\,n)$ into $n$ transpositions. In fact, these correspondences can…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-19 John Irving , Amarpreet Rattan

A depth-first search version of Dhar's burning algorithm is used to give a bijection between the parking functions of a graph and labeled spanning trees, relating the degree of the parking function with the number of inversions of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-12-30 David Perkinson , Qiaoyu Yang , Kuai Yu

The displacement of a car with respect to a parking function is the number of spots it must drive past its preferred spot in order to park. An $\ell$-interval parking function is one in which each car has displacement at most $\ell$. Among…

In this paper, we obtain a q-exponential generating function for inversions on parking functions via symmetric function theory and also through a direct bijection to rooted labeled forests. We then apply these techniques to unit interval…

We introduce parking assortments, a generalization of parking functions with cars of assorted lengths. In this setting, there are $n\in\mathbb{N}$ cars of lengths $\mathbf{y}=(y_1,y_2,\ldots,y_n)\in\mathbb{N}^n$ entering a one-way street…

We extend the notion of parking functions to parking sequences, which include cars of different sizes, and prove a product formula for the number of such sequences.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-08-31 Richard Ehrenborg , Alex Happ

Graphical parking functions, or $G$-parking functions, are a generalization of classical parking functions which depend on a connected multigraph $G$ having a distinguished root vertex. Gaydarov and Hopkins characterized the relationship…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-19 Lauren Snider , Catherine Yan

This paper provides an exploration of parking functions, a classical combinatorial object. We present two viewpoints on their structure and properties: through poset of noncrossing partitions and polytopes.

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-12-17 Yan Liu

Warning. The reading of this paper will send you down many winding roads toward new and exciting research topics enumerating generalized parking functions. Buckle up!

Given an undirected graph $G=(V,E)$, and a designated vertex $q\in V$, the notion of a $G$-parking function (with respect to $q$) was independently developed and studied by various authors, and has recently gained renewed attention. This…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-03-01 Brian Benson , Deeparnab Chakrabarty , Prasad Tetali

There are several combinatorial objects that are known to be in bijection to the spanning trees of a graph G. These objects include G-parking functions, critical configurations of G, and descending traversals of G. In this paper, we extend…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Dimitrije Kostic

Let $1\leq r\leq n$ and suppose that, when the Depth-first Search Algorithm is applied to a given rooted labelled tree on $n+1$ vertices, exactly $r$ vertices are visited before backtracking. Let $R$ be the set of trees with this property.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-08 Rui Duarte , António Guedes de Oliveira

We explore the link between combinatorics and probability generated by the question "What does a random parking function look like?" This gives rise to novel probabilistic interpretations of some elegant, known generating functions. It…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-11-30 Persi Diaconis , Angela Hicks

This paper studies a generalization of parking functions named $k$-Naples parking functions, where backward movement is allowed. One consequence of backward movement is that the number of ascending $k$-Naples is not the same as the number…

We introduce a generalization of parking functions called $t$-metered $(m,n)$-parking functions, in which one of $m$ cars parks among $n$ spots per hour then leaves after $t$ hours. We characterize and enumerate these sequences for $t=1$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Spencer Daugherty , Pamela E. Harris , Ian Klein , Matt McClinton

We introduce the class of bilateral parking procedures on the integer line. While cars try to park in the nearest available spot to their right in the classical case, we consider more general parking rules that allow cars to use the nearest…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Philippe Nadeau

A parking function of length $n$ is a sequence $\pi=(\pi_1,\dots, \pi_n)$ of positive integers such that if $\lambda_1\leq\cdots\leq \lambda_n$ is the increasing rearrangement of $\pi_1,\dots,\pi_n$, then $\lambda_i\leq i$ for $1\leq i\leq…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-24 Martin Rubey , Mei Yin