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In this paper, we propose a perceptually-guided visualization sharpening technique. We analyze the spectral behavior of an established comprehensive perceptual model to arrive at our approximated model based on an adapted weighting of the…

Graphics · Computer Science 2019-07-25 Liang Zhou , Rudolf Netzel , Daniel Weiskopf , Chris Johnson

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods are widely applied in weakly supervised learning tasks due to their ability to highlight object regions. However, conventional CAM methods highlight only the most discriminative regions of the target.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Qingdong Cai , Charith Abhayaratne

Existing saliency-guided training approaches improve model generalization by incorporating a loss term that compares the model's class activation map (CAM) for a sample's true-class ({\it i.e.}, correct-label class) against a human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Jacob Piland , Chris Sweet , Adam Czajka

The convolutional neural network (CNN) has become a powerful tool for various biomedical image analysis tasks, but there is a lack of visual explanation for the machinery of CNNs. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Guannan Zhao , Bo Zhou , Kaiwen Wang , Rui Jiang , Min Xu

To address the challenges of providing quick and plausible explanations in Explainable AI (XAI) for object detection models, we introduce the Gaussian Class Activation Mapping Explainer (G-CAME). Our method efficiently generates concise…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Quoc Khanh Nguyen , Truong Thanh Hung Nguyen , Vo Thanh Khang Nguyen , Van Binh Truong , Tuong Phan , Hung Cao

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable success across domains but remain difficult to interpret, limiting their trustworthiness in high-stakes applications. This paper focuses on deep vision models, for which a dominant line…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Qiming Zhao , Xingjian Li , Xiaoyu Cao , Xiaolong Wu , Min Xu

Classification networks can be used to localize and segment objects in images by means of class activation maps (CAMs). However, without pixel-level annotations, classification networks are known to (1) mainly focus on discriminative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Arvi Jonnarth , Michael Felsberg

Graph convolutional neural network (GCN) has drawn increasing attention and attained good performance in various computer vision tasks, however, there lacks a clear interpretation of GCN's inner mechanism. For standard convolutional neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Zhenpeng Feng , Xiyang Cui , Hongbing Ji , Mingzhe Zhu , Ljubisa Stankovic

Image retrieval in realistic scenarios targets large dynamic datasets of unlabeled images. In these cases, training or fine-tuning a model every time new images are added to the database is neither efficient nor scalable. Convolutional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Albert Jimenez , Jose M. Alvarez , Xavier Giro-i-Nieto

This document summarizes different visual explanations methods such as CAM, Grad-CAM, Localization using Multiple Instance Learning - Saliency-based methods, Saliency-driven Class-Impressions, Muting pixels in input image - Adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Dipesh Tamboli

Visual explanation maps enhance the trustworthiness of decisions made by deep learning models and offer valuable guidance for developing new algorithms in image recognition tasks. Class activation maps (CAM) and their variants (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yi Liao , Ugochukwu Ejike Akpudo , Jue Zhang , Yongsheng Gao , Jun Zhou , Wenyi Zeng , Weichuan Zhang

A detailed environment representation is a crucial component of automated vehicles. Using single range sensor scans, data is often too sparse and subject to occlusions. Therefore, we present a method to augment occupancy grid maps from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-12-06 Sascha Wirges , Felix Hartenbach , Christoph Stiller

Visualizing the features captured by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is one of the conventional approaches to interpret the predictions made by these models in numerous image recognition applications. Grad-CAM is a popular solution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Sam Sattarzadeh , Mahesh Sudhakar , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis , Jongseong Jang , Yeonjeong Jeong , Hyunwoo Kim

To have a better understanding and usage of Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs), the visualization and interpretation of CNNs has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In particular, several Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Ruigang Fu , Qingyong Hu , Xiaohu Dong , Yulan Guo , Yinghui Gao , Biao Li

The gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) method can faithfully highlight important regions in images for deep model prediction in image classification, image captioning and many other tasks. It uses the gradients in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Lei Chen , Jianhui Chen , Hossein Hajimirsadeghi , Greg Mori

Self-supervised representation learning is heavily dependent on data augmentations to specify the invariances encoded in representations. Previous work has shown that applying diverse data augmentations is crucial to downstream performance,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Philip Andrew Mansfield , Arash Afkanpour , Warren Richard Morningstar , Karan Singhal

With the growing demand for interpretable deep learning models, this paper introduces Integrative CAM, an advanced Class Activation Mapping (CAM) technique aimed at providing a holistic view of feature importance across Convolutional Neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Aniket K. Singh , Debasis Chaudhuri , Manish P. Singh , Samiran Chattopadhyay

The class activation mapping, or CAM, has been the cornerstone of feature attribution methods for multiple vision tasks. Its simplicity and effectiveness have led to wide applications in the explanation of visual predictions and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Jae Myung Kim , Junsuk Choe , Zeynep Akata , Seong Joon Oh

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods are widely used to visualize neural network decisions, yet their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. To enhance the understanding of CAM methods and improve their explainability, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Huaiguang Cai

Weakly supervised object localization has recently attracted attention since it aims to identify both class labels and locations of objects by using image-level labels. Most previous methods utilize the activation map corresponding to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Seunghan Yang , Yoonhyung Kim , Youngeun Kim , Changick Kim