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Nonreciprocity has been introduced to various fields to realize asymmetric, nonlinear, and/or time non-revisal physical systems. By virtue of the Maxwell-Betti reciprocal theorem, breaking the time-reversal symmetry of dynamic mechanical…

Classical Physics · Physics 2021-01-05 Mohamed Shaat

The experimental proofs of strong time invariance violation in optics are discussed. Time noninvariance is the only real physical base for explanation the origin of the most phenomena in nonlinear optics. The experimental study of forward…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 V. A. Kuz'menko

Out of equilibrium, the lack of reciprocity is the rule rather than the exception. Non-reciprocal interactions occur, for instance, in networks of neurons, directional growth of interfaces, and synthetic active materials. While wave…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2021-04-20 Michel Fruchart , Ryo Hanai , Peter B. Littlewood , Vincenzo Vitelli

We report on observation of the time reversal symmetry breaking in unpolarized neutrons scattering experiment. Neutron transmittivity through the system consisting of two magnetic mirrors placed in an external magnetic field is measured.…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-03-26 D. A. Tatarskiy , A. V. Petrenko , S. N. Vdovichev , O. G. Udalov , Yu. V. Nikitenko , A. A. Fraerman

Reciprocal relations correlate fairly accurately a great variety of experimental results. Nevertheless, the concepts of statistical fluctuations, and microscopic reversibility - the bases of the accepted proof of the relations by Onsager -…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Elias P. Gyftopoulos

Circumventing the reciprocity invariance has posed an interesting challenge in the design of modern devices for wave engineering. In passive devices, operating the device in the nonlinear response regime is a common means for realizing…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Andrus Giraldo , Behrooz Yousefzadeh

An overview is given of recent advances in the nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of quantum systems and, especially, of time-reversal symmetry relations that have been discovered in this context. The systems considered are driven out of…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Pierre Gaspard

Reciprocity is a fundamental principle governing various physical systems, which ensures that the transfer function between any two points in space is identical, regardless of geometrical or material asymmetries. Breaking this transmission…

Classical Physics · Physics 2017-04-12 Corentin Coulais , Dimitrios Sounas , Andrea Alù

Reciprocity is a fundamental symmetry property observed across many physical domains, including acoustics, elasticity, electromagnetics, and thermodynamics. In systems and control theory, it provides key insights into the internal structure…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Brayan M. Shali , Rodolphe Sepulchre

Exploiting the time-reversal invariance and reciprocal properties of the lossless wave equation enables elegantly simple solutions to complex wave-scattering problems, and is embodied in the time-reversal mirror. A time-reversal mirror…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2013-02-12 Matthew Frazier , Biniyam Taddese , Thomas Antonsen , Steven M. Anlage

We present an elementary proof concerning reciprocal transmittances and reflectances. The proof is direct, simple, and valid for the diverse objects that can be absorptive and induce diffraction and scattering, as long as the objects…

This work presents a mechanism by which non-reciprocal wave transmission is achieved in a class of gyric metamaterial lattices with embedded rotating elements. A modulation of the device's angular momentum is obtained via prescribed…

Applied Physics · Physics 2020-08-12 M. A. Attarzadeh , S. Maleki , J. L. Crassidis , M. Nouh

We provide a simple physical proof of the reciprocity theorem of classical electrodynamics in the general case of material media that contain linearly polarizable as well as linearly magnetizable substances. The excitation source is taken…

Optics · Physics 2012-05-29 Masud Mansuripur , Din Ping Tsai

It is proven, without using the microscopic reversibility argument of Onsager, that lossy reciprocal systems have a hidden time-reversal symmetry. The key idea is that the dissipation channels of lossy dielectrics can be mimicked by a…

Classical Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Mario G. Silveirinha

Nonreciprocal elements are a vital building block of electrical and optical systems. In the infrared regime, there is a particular interest in structures that break reciprocity because their thermal absorptive (and emissive) properties…

Optics · Physics 2022-03-15 Komron Shayegan , Bo Zhao , Yonghwi Kim , Shanhui Fan , Harry Atwater

We extend an axiomatic approach to classical electrodynamics, which we developed recently, to the case of non-vanishing magnetic charge. Then two axioms, namely those of the existence of the Lorentz force (Axiom 2) and of magnetic flux…

Classical Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Friedrich W. Hehl , Yuri N. Obukhov

Reciprocity, the principle that a system response is identical in the forward path compared to the backward path, is a fundamental concept across physics, from electrical circuits and optics to acoustics and heat conduction. Nonreciprocity…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-08-01 Thomas J. Ugras , Daniel J. Gracias , Oriol Arteaga , Richard D. Robinson

Nonreciprocal transmission forms the basic operation mechanism of optical diodes and isolators and requires the tantalizing task of breaking the Lorentz reciprocity law. In this work, strong nonreciprocal transmission is demonstrated by…

Optics · Physics 2020-08-10 Boyuan Jin , Christos Argyropoulos

The physics of systems that cannot be described by a Hermitian Hamiltonian, has been attracting a great deal of attention in recent years, motivated by their nontrivial responses and by a plethora of applications for sensing, lasing, energy…

Optics · Physics 2021-03-16 Alex Krasnok , Nikita Nefedkin , Andrea Alu

The development of relational electromagnetism after Gauss appears to stop around 1870. Maxwell recognised relational electromagnetism as mathematically equivalent to his own formulae and called for an explanation of why so different…

General Physics · Physics 2023-01-03 Hernán G. Solari , Mario A. Natiello