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In quantum mechanics time usually appears as classical parameter which means that it is treated as being essentially different from spatial coordinates that are represented by operators. On the other hand, relativity theory demands to treat…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-30 Slobodan Prvanović , Dušan Arsenović

Motivated by the parametrization invariance of cosmological Lagrangians and their equivalence to systems describing the motion of particles in curved backgrounds, we identify the phase space analogue of the notion of proper time. We define…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-15 N. Dimakis

This essay examines our fundamental conceptions of time, spacetime, the asymmetry of time, and the motion of a quantum mechanical particle. The concept of time has multiple meanings and these are often confused in the literature and must be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-08-15 Gerald E. Marsh

A quantum mechanical theory is proposed which abandons an external parameter ``time'' in favor of a self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space whose elements represent measurement events rather than system states. The standard quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-29 Kim Bostroem

The Newton-Wigner states and operator are widely accepted to provide an adequate notion of spatial localization of a particle in quantum field theory on a spacelike hypersurface. Replacing the spacelike with a timelike hypersurface, we…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-07-04 Daniele Colosi , Robert Oeckl

Particle production through ultra-strong electric fields is a well-studied research field. Nevertheless, despite repeated attempts to relate the production rate within the field to the formation time of a particle, the latter is still…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-08-09 Matthias Diez , Reinhard Alkofer , Christian Kohlfürst

In this work we present a re-evaluation of the concept of time in non-relativistic quantum theory. We suggest a formalism in which time is changed into the status of an operator, and where expectation values of observables and the state of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-07-13 Eduardo O. Dias , Fernando Parisio

We introduced with coauthors some years ago a solution to the problem of time in quantum gravity which consists in formulating the quantum theory in terms of real clocks. It combines Page and Wootters' relational proposal with Rovelli's…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-05-03 Rodolfo Gambini , Jorge Pullin

We propose a new point of view regarding the problem of time in quantum mechanics, based on the idea of replacing the usual time operator $\mathbf{T}$ with a suitable real-valued function $T$ on the space of physical states. The proper…

I propose a general geometric framework in which to discuss the existence of time observables. This frameworks allows one to describe a local sense in which time observables always exist, and a global sense in which they can sometimes exist…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2014-04-22 Bryan W. Roberts

We discuss from a philosophical perspective the way in which the normal concept of time might be said to `emerge' in a quantum theory of gravity. After an introduction, we briefly discuss the notion of emergence, without regard to time…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 C. J. Isham , J. Butterfield

The new solution to the problem of time of arrival in quantum theory is presented herein. It allows for computer simulation of particle counters and it implies Born's interpretation. It also suggests new experiments that can answer the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ph. Blanchard , A. Jadczyk

The generation of time signals is a fundamental task in science. Here we study the relation between the quality of a time signal and the physics of the system that generates it. According to quantum theory, any time signal can be decomposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-20 Yuxiang Yang , Renato Renner

In quantum mechanics, time is introduced as a non-measurable quantity, as there is no possibility to build a hermitian operator canonically conjugated to the Hamiltonian. We cannot have, therefore, the time operator, which means that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-27 Andrzej Góźdź , Marek Góźdź

A new interpretation of quantum mechanics, similar to the Copenhagen interpretation, is developed from time-symmetry arguments and commonly held principles concerning time and causality. These principles, which are grounded in ideas outside…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 William R. Wharton

The origin and nature of time in complex systems is explored using quantum (or 'Feynman') clocks and the signals produced by them. Networks of these clocks provide the basis for the evolution of complex systems. The general concept of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Scott Hitchcock

The problem of time in quantum gravity occurs because `time' is taken to have a different meaning in each of general relativity and ordinary quantum theory. This incompatibility creates serious problems with trying to replace these two…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-07-23 Edward Anderson

We discuss the emergence of time in quantum gravity, and ask whether time is always "something that flows"'. We first recall that this is indeed the case in both relativity and quantum mechanics, although in very different manners: time…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-04-10 Pierre Martinetti

We consider the classical concept of time of permanence and observe that its quantum equivalent is described by a bona fide self-adjoint operator. Its interpretation, by means of the spectral theorem, reveals that we have to abandon not…

General Physics · Physics 2012-07-13 Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi

We present a scenario, how time could emerge in the framework of Weak Quantum Theory. In a process, similar to the emergence of time in quantum cosmology, time arises after an epistemic split of the unus mundus as a quality of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 H. Roemer