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Lemmatization of standard languages is concerned with (i) abstracting over morphological differences and (ii) resolving token-lemma ambiguities of inflected words in order to map them to a dictionary headword. In the present paper we aim to…
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) has been the primary tool for designing and developing web pages over the years. Content and formatting information are placed together in an HTML document. XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup…
The growing complexity and diversity of models used in the engineering of dependable systems implies that a variety of formal methods, across differing abstractions, paradigms, and presentations, must be integrated. Such an integration…
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is rapidly emerging as a de-facto standard for modelling OO systems. Given this role, it is imperative that the UML have a well- defined, fully explored semantics. Such semantics is required in order to…
This paper proposes a set of tools to help dealing with XML database evolution. It aims at establishing a multi-system environment where a global integrated system works in harmony with some local original ones, allowing data translation in…
Understanding a Reinforcement Learning (RL) policy is crucial for ensuring that autonomous agents behave according to human expectations. This goal can be achieved using Explainable Reinforcement Learning (XRL) techniques. Although textual…
Evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is increasingly critical, yet standard benchmarking methods rely on average accuracy, overlooking both the inherent stochasticity of LLM outputs and the heterogeneity of benchmark items. Item…
I present the most fundamental features of an implemented system designed to manipulate representations of regular languages. The system is structured into two layers, allowing regular languages to be represented in an increasingly compact,…
Linearization has emerged as a strategy for developing efficient language models (LMs). Starting from an existing Transformer-based LM, linearization replaces the attention component with computationally efficient subquadratic \textit{token…
This paper proposed xml entities based architectural implementation to improve integration between multiple third party vendor software systems with incompatible xml schema. The xml entity architecture implementation showed that the lines…
As deep neural models in NLP become more complex, and as a consequence opaque, the necessity to interpret them becomes greater. A burgeoning interest has emerged in rationalizing explanations to provide short and coherent justifications for…
Formal software specification is known to enable early error detection and explicit invariants, yet it has seen limited industrial adoption due to its high notation overhead and the expertise required to use traditional formal languages.…
Prompt optimization has become crucial for enhancing the performance of large language models (LLMs) across a broad range of tasks. Although many research papers demonstrate its effectiveness, practical adoption is hindered because existing…
The rise of multi-paradigm languages challenges traditional classification methods, leading to practical software engineering issues like interoperability defects. This systematic literature review (SLR) maps the formal foundations of…
Recent advances in test-time scaling have shown promising results in improving Large Language Model (LLM) performance through strategic computation allocation during inference. While this approach has demonstrated strong improvements in…
Autoformalization, the task of automatically translating natural language descriptions into a formal language, poses a significant challenge across various domains, especially in mathematics. Recent advancements in large language models…
Abstract State Machines (ASMs) have shown to be a suitable high-level specification method for complex, even industrial, systems; the ASMETA framework, supporting several validation and verification activities on ASM models, is an example…
Typechecking consists of statically verifying whether the output of an XML transformation always conforms to an output type for documents satisfying a given input type. In this general setting, both the input and output schema as well as…
TimeML is an XML-based schema for annotating temporal information over discourse. The standard has been used to annotate a variety of resources and is followed by a number of tools, the creation of which constitute hundreds of thousands of…
Extensible markup language (XML) is a technology that has been much hyped, so that XML has become an industry buzzword. Behind the hype is a powerful technology for data representation in a platform independent manner. As a text document,…