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The Bekenstein-Hawking equation states that black holes should have entropy proportional to their areas to make black hole physics compatible with the second law of thermodynamics. However, this equation leads to an inconsistency among the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-04-04 Koji Azuma , Sathyawageeswar Subramanian , Go Kato

We generally consider that entropy and temperature of a spherically symmetric black hole are corrected by quantum effect. We calculate interior entropy variation of massless scalar field and compare it with corrected Bekenstein-Hawking…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-12-10 Ming Zhang

We propose a novel solution for the endpoint of gravitational collapse, in which spacetime ends (and is orbifolded) at a microscopic distance from black hole event horizons. This model is motivated by the emergence of singular event…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-12-03 Mehdi Saravani , Niayesh Afshordi , Robert B. Mann

In statistical mechanics entropy is a measure of disorder obeying Boltzmann's formula $S=\log{\cal N}$, where ${\cal N}$ is the accessible phase space volume. In black hole thermodynamics one associates to a black hole an entropy…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-11 Erik Aurell

Statistical mechanics explains thermodynamics in terms of (quantum) mechanics by equating the entropy of a microstate of a closed system with the logarithm of the number of microstates in the macrostate to which it belongs, but the question…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Bernard S. Kay

Black holes evolve by evaporation of their event horizon. While this process is believed to be unitary, there is no consensus on the recovery of information in black hole entropy. A missing link is a unit of information in black hole…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-11-01 Maurice H. P. M. van Putten

We revisit in detail the paradox of black hole information loss due to Hawking radiation as tunneling. We compute the amount of information encoded in correlations among Hawking radiations for a variety of black holes, including the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-02-01 Baocheng Zhang , Qing-yu Cai , Ming-sheng Zhan , Li You

Black holes monopolize nowadays the center stage of fundamental physics. Yet, they are poorly understood objects. Notwithstanding, from their generic properties, one can infer important clues to what a fundamental theory, a theory that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-04-05 José P. S. Lemos

We present the quantization of the electromagnetic field near the event horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole using Euclidean path integrals. Our result for the vacuum energy describes a black hole surrounded by a finite volume of photons…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-03 Victor H. Alencar

After recalling the definition of black holes, and reviewing their energetics and their classical thermodynamics, one expounds the conjecture of Bekenstein, attributing an entropy to black holes, and the calculation by Hawking of the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-26 Thibault Damour

To derive black hole thermodynamics in any quantum theory of gravity, one must introduce constraints that ensure that a black hole is actually present. For a large class of black holes, the imposition of such ``horizon constraints'' allows…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-13 S. Carlip

Some basic features of black-hole statistical mechanics are investigated, assuming that black holes respect the principles of quantum mechanics. Care is needed in defining an entropy S_bh corresponding to the number of microstates of a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-11-20 Steven B. Giddings

Since the discovery of Hawking radiation, its consistency with quantum theory has been widely questioned. In the widely described picture, irrespective of what initial state a black hole starts with before collapsing, it eventually evolves…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-03-31 Baocheng Zhang , Qingyu Cai , Mingsheng Zhan , Li You

The comparison of geometrical properties of black holes with classical thermodynamic variables reveals surprising parallels between the laws of black hole mechanics and the laws of thermodynamics. Since Hawking's discovery that black holes…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2019-03-18 Carina E. A. Prunkl , Christopher G. Timpson

Black hole entropy is identified with the counting of the dynamical degrees of freedom of trapped gravitational modes continually sourced by the Hawking-Unruh process. In the context of linear perturbations of Schwarzschild spacetime the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-14 Seth Major , Daniel Rodriguez , Thomas Takis

Black hole evaporation is one of the most striking phenomena at the interface between gravity and quantum physics. In Hawking's semi-classical treatment, where matter is quantum mechanical and the spacetime is definite and classical,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-24 Ali Akil , Lorenzo Giannelli , Leonardo Modesto , Oscar Dahlsten , Giulio Chiribella , Caslav Brukner

The origin of black hole entropy and the black hole information problem provide important clues for trying to piece together a quantum theory of gravity. Thus far, discussions on this topic have mostly assumed that in a consistent theory of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2012-10-02 Markus P. Mueller , Jonathan Oppenheim , Oscar C. O. Dahlsten

The process of black hole evaporation resulting from the Hawking effect has generated an intense controversy regarding its potential conflict with quantum mechanics' unitary evolution. In a recent couple of works of a collaboration…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-10-01 Sujoy K. Modak , Leonardo Ortíz , Igor Peña , Daniel Sudarsky

We introduce the concept of timelike entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation as a novel probe of the black hole information paradox. By analytically continuing black hole spacetimes to Euclidean signature, we define timelike correlations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-09 Yahya Ladghami , Francisco S. N. Lobo , Taoufik Ouali

The basic assumption of the induced gravity approach is that Einstein theory is an effective, low energy-form of a quantum theory of constituents. In this approach the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy S^{BH} of a black hole can be interpreted as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 D. V. Fursaev