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A flaky test yields inconsistent results upon repetition, posing a significant challenge to software developers. An extensive study of their presence and characteristics has been done in classical computer software but not quantum computer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Lei Zhang , Andriy Miranskyy

Software systems have been continuously evolved and delivered with high quality due to the widespread adoption of automated tests. A recurring issue hurting this scenario is the presence of flaky tests, a test case that may pass or fail…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-24 B. H. P. Camara , M. A. G. Silva , A. T. Endo , S. R. Vergilio

Flaky tests are a common problem in software testing. They produce inconsistent results when executed multiple times on the same code, invalidating the assumption that a test failure indicates a software defect. Recent work on LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Rainer Gemulla , Marcus Kessel , Sebastian Baltes

Flaky tests have gained attention from the research community in recent years and with good reason. These tests lead to wasted time and resources, and they reduce the reliability of the test suites and build systems they affect. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Alan Romano , Zihe Song , Sampath Grandhi , Wei Yang , Weihang Wang

Regression testing aims to prevent code changes from breaking existing features. Flaky tests negatively affect regression testing because they result in test failures that are not necessarily caused by code changes, thus providing an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Alexander Berndt , Sebastian Baltes , Thomas Bach

Flaky tests are tests that can non-deterministically pass or fail, even in the absence of code changes.Despite being a source of false alarms, flaky tests often remain in test suites once they are detected, as they also may be relied upon…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Abdulrahman Alshammari , Paul Ammann , Michael Hilton , Jonathan Bell

Background: Test flakiness is a major problem in the software industry. Flaky tests fail seemingly at random without changes to the code and thus impede continuous integration (CI). Some researchers argue that all tests can be considered…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Sebastian Baltes

Like classical software, quantum software systems rely on automated testing. However, their inherently probabilistic outputs make them susceptible to quantum flakiness -- tests that pass or fail inconsistently without code changes. Such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Janakan Sivaloganathan , Ainaz Jamshidi , Andriy Miranskyy , Lei Zhang

Flaky tests (tests with non-deterministic outcomes) can be problematic for testing efficiency and software reliability. Flaky tests in test suites can also significantly delay software releases. There have been several studies that attempt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Negar Hashemi , Amjed Tahir , Shawn Rasheed

Flaky tests are tests that yield different outcomes when run on the same version of a program. This non-deterministic behaviour plagues continuous integration with false signals, wasting developers' time and reducing their trust in test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Amal Akli , Guillaume Haben , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Flaky tests cause significant problems as they can interrupt automated build processes that rely on all tests succeeding and undermine the trustworthiness of tests. Numerous causes of test flakiness have been identified, and program…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Jens Dietrich , Shawn Rasheed , Amjed Tahir

Automated regression testing is a cornerstone of modern software development, often contributing directly to code review and Continuous Integration (CI). Yet some tests suffer from flakiness, where their outcomes vary non-deterministically.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Tao Xiao , Dong Wang , Shane McIntosh , Hideaki Hata , Yasutaka Kamei

Flaky tests obstruct software development, and studying and proposing mitigations against them has therefore become an important focus of software engineering research. To conduct sound investigations on test flakiness, it is crucial to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Martin Gruber , Gordon Fraser

Non-deterministically behaving (i.e., flaky) tests hamper regression testing as they destroy trust and waste computational and human resources. Eradicating flakiness in test suites is therefore an important goal, but automated debugging…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Martin Gruber , Gordon Fraser

Flaky tests are tests that nondeterministically pass and fail in unchanged code. These tests can be detrimental to developers' productivity. Particularly when tests run in continuous integration environments, the tests may be competing for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Denini Silva , Martin Gruber , Satyajit Gokhale , Ellen Arteca , Alexi Turcotte , Marcelo d'Amorim , Wing Lam , Stefan Winter , Jonathan Bell

Flaky tests can pass or fail non-deterministically, without alterations to a software system. Such tests are frequently encountered by developers and hinder the credibility of test suites. State-of-the-art research incorporates machine…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Shizhe Lin , Ryan Zheng He Liu , Ladan Tahvildari

Background. Automated test execution is an important activity to gather information about the quality of a software project. So-called flaky tests, however, negatively affect this process. Such tests fail seemingly at random without changes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Alexander Berndt , Zoltán Nochta , Thomas Bach

Non-deterministic test behavior, or flakiness, is common and dreaded among developers. Researchers have studied the issue and proposed approaches to mitigate it. However, the vast majority of previous work has only considered…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Martin Gruber , Muhammad Firhard Roslan , Owain Parry , Fabian Scharnböck , Phil McMinn , Gordon Fraser

Testing and debugging quantum software pose significant challenges due to the inherent complexities of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement. One challenge is indeterminacy, a fundamental characteristic of quantum…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Khushdeep Kaur , Dongchan Kim , Ainaz Jamshidi , Lei Zhang

We present FLUKE (Framework for LingUistically-driven and tasK-agnostic robustness Evaluation), a framework for assessing model robustness through systematic minimal variations of test data. FLUKE introduces controlled variations across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yulia Otmakhova , Hung Thinh Truong , Rahmad Mahendra , Zenan Zhai , Rongxin Zhu , Daniel Beck , Jey Han Lau