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Naples parking functions were introduced as a generalization of classical parking functions, in which cars are allowed to park backwards, by checking up to a fixed number of previous spots, before proceeding forward as usual. In this work…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-14 Luca Ferrari , Francesco Verciani

We recall that the $k$-Naples parking functions of length $n$ (a generalization of parking functions) are defined by requiring that a car which finds its preferred spot occupied must first back up a spot at a time (up to $k$ spots) before…

Graphical parking functions, or $G$-parking functions, are a generalization of classical parking functions which depend on a connected multigraph $G$ having a distinguished root vertex. Gaydarov and Hopkins characterized the relationship…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-19 Lauren Snider , Catherine Yan

Unit-interval parking functions are subset of parking functions in which cars park at most one spot away from their preferred parking spot. In this paper, we characterize unit-interval parking functions by understanding how they decompose…

This paper studies a generalization of parking functions named $k$-Naples parking functions, where backward movement is allowed. One consequence of backward movement is that the number of ascending $k$-Naples is not the same as the number…

For any integers $1\leq k\leq n$, we introduce a new family of parking functions called $k$-vacillating parking functions of length $n$. The parking rule for $k$-vacillating parking functions allows a car with preference $p$ to park in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-27 Bruce Fang , Pamela E. Harris , Brian M. Kamau , David Wang

A highly accurate and efficient method to compute the expected values of the count, sum, and squared norm of the sum of the centre vectors of a random maximal sized collection of non-overlapping unit diameter disks touching a fixed…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-11-29 Markus Hegland , Conrad J. Burden , Zbigniew Stachurski

In this paper, we explore parking distributions on caterpillar trees, focusing on two primary statistics: the number of lucky cars and the frequency with which cars prefer specific parking spaces. We use first-return decomposition to reveal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Amanuel T. Getachew

In this paper we present new results on the enumeration of parking functions and labeled forests. We introduce new statistics on parking functions, which are then extended to labeled forests via bijective correspondences. We determine the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Stephan Wagner , Catherine H. Yan , Mei Yin

In this paper, let $\mathcal{P}_{n;\leq s;k}^l$ denote a set of $k$-flaw preference sets $(a_1,...,a_n)$ with $n$ parking spaces satisfying that $1\leq a_i\leq s$ for any $i$ and $a_1=l$ and $p_{n;\leq s;k}^l=|\mathcal{P}_{n;\leq s;k}^l|$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-06-03 Po-Yi Huang , Jun Ma , Jean Yeh

Parking functions correspond with preferences of $n$ cars which enter sequentially to park on a one-way street where (1) each car parks in the first available spot greater than or equal to its preference and (2) all cars successfully park.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-12 Steve Butler , Kimberly Hadaway , Victoria Lenius , Preston Martens , Marshall Moats

An $(m, n)$-parking function can be characterized as function $f:[n] \to [m]$ such that the partition obtained by reordering the values of $f$ fits inside a right triangle with legs of length $m$ and $n$. Recent work by McCammond, Thomas,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-04 Garrett Nelson

We extend the notion of parking function polytopes and study their geometric and combinatorial structure, including normal fans, face posets, and $h$-polynomials, as well as their connections to other classes of polytopes. To capture their…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-17 Fu Liu , Warut Thawinrak

We recall that a parking function of length $n+1$ is said to be prime if removing any instance of 1 yields a parking function of length $n$. In this article, we study prime parking functions from multiple lenses. We derive an explicit…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-29 Pamela E. Harris , Selvi Kara , Erin McNicholas , Kathryn Nyman , Mei Yin

Recently, the authors extended the notion of parking functions to parking sequences, which include cars of different sizes, and proved a product formula for the number of such sequences. We here give a refinement of that result involving…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-06 Richard Ehrenborg , Alex Happ

We develop a circular-street argument, in the style of Pollak, to obtain a new proof that there are $C_n = \frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}$ weakly increasing parking functions of length $n \geq 1$, where $C_n$ is the $n$th Catalan number.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-15 Pamela E. Harris , J. Carlos Martínez Mori , Alexander N. Wilson

In this expository article I describe classical results in the combinatorics of parking functions. Its English-Spanish translation is included. -- -- En este art\'iculo de difusi\'on matem\'atica describo resultados cl\'asicos en la…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-04-25 J. Carlos Martínez Mori

A pair $(G,K)$ of a group and its subgroup is called a Gelfand pair if the induced trivial representation of $K$ on $G$ is multiplicity free. Let $(a_j)$ be a sequence of positive integers of length $n$, and let $(b_i)$ be its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-09-28 Kürşat Aker , Mahir Bilen Can

A parking function on $[n]$ creates a permutation in $S_n$ via the order in which the $n$ cars appear in the $n$ parking spaces. Placing the uniform probability measure on the set of parking functions on $[n]$ induces a probability measure…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-19 Ross G. Pinsky

Consider the following simple parking process on $\Lambda_n := \{-n, \ldots, n\}^d,d\ge1$: at each step, a site $i$ is chosen at random in $\Lambda_n$ and if $i$ and all its nearest neighbor sites are empty, $i$ is occupied. Once occupied,…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-05-24 Cristian F. Coletti , Sandro Gallo , Alejandro Roldán-Correa , León A. Valencia