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We propose a symbolic execution method for analyzing the safety of software under fault attacks both accurately and efficiently. Fault attacks leverage physically injected hardware faults in an embedded system to break the safety of a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yuzhou Fang , Chenyu Zhou , Jingbo Wang , Chao Wang

In this work, we provide a comprehensive survey of smart contract upgradability patterns using proxies. A primary characteristic of smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain is that they are immutable once implemented, no changes can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Sajad Meisami , William Edward Bodell

With the booming development of blockchain technology, smart contracts have been widely used in finance, supply chain, Internet of things and other fields in recent years. However, the security problems of smart contracts become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Huanhuan Zou , Zongwei Li , Xiaoqi Li

Smart contracts are computer programs that are executed by a network of mutually distrusting agents, without the need of an external trusted authority. Smart contracts handle and transfer assets of considerable value (in the form of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Amir Kafshdar Goharshady , Yaron Velner

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they do…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zongwei Li , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li , Xin Wang

In recent years, smart contracts have suffered major exploits, costing millions of dollars. Unlike traditional programs, smart contracts are deployed on a blockchain. As such, they cannot be modified once deployed. Though various tools have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Christof Ferreira Torres , Mathis Baden , Robert Norvill , Beltran Borja Fiz Pontiveros , Hugo Jonker , Sjouke Mauw

A smart contract is a digital program of transaction protocol (rules of contract) based on the consensus architecture of blockchain. Smart contracts with Blockchain are modern technologies that have gained enormous attention in scientific…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Norah M. Alshahrani , M. L. Mat Kiah , B. B. Zaidan , A. H. Alamoodi , Abdu Saif

The rise of decentralized applications (dApps) has made smart contracts imperative components of blockchain technology. As many smart contracts process financial transactions, their security is paramount. Moreover, the immutability of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Khalid Hassan , Saeed Moradi , Shaiful Chowdhury , Sara Rouhani

Many Ethereum smart contracts rely on block attributes such as block.timestamp or blockhash to generate random numbers for applications like lotteries and games. However, these values are predictable and miner-manipulable, creating the Bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hadis Rezaei , Rahim Taheri , Francesco Palmieri

Ethereum smart contracts are distributed programs running on top of the Ethereum blockchain. Since program flaws can cause significant monetary losses and can hardly be fixed due to the immutable nature of the blockchain, there is a strong…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Clara Schneidewind , Markus Scherer , Matteo Maffei

Smart contracts play a significant role in automating blockchain services. Nevertheless, vulnerabilities in smart contracts pose serious threats to blockchain security. Currently, traditional detection methods primarily rely on static…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Tenghui Huang , Jinbo Wen , Jiawen Kang , Siyong Chen , Zhengtao Li , Tao Zhang , Dongning Liu , Jiacheng Wang , Chengjun Cai , Yinqiu Liu , Dusit Niyato

The rapid advancement of blockchain technology has precipitated the widespread adoption of Ethereum and smart contracts across a variety of sectors. However, this has also given rise to numerous fraudulent activities, with many speculators…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chunyi Zhang , Qinghong Wei , Xiaoqi Li

Smart contracts are immutable, verifiable, and autonomous pieces of code that can be deployed and ran on blockchain networks like Ethereum. Due to the immutability nature of blockchain, no change is possible on a deployed smart contract or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Erfan Andesta , Fathiyeh Faghih , Mahdi Fooladgar

Smart contracts are commonly audited through static analysis to explore vulnerabilities. However, static approaches typically produce heterogeneous findings rather than reproducible, executable proof-of-concept (PoC) test cases, leading to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Longfei Chen , Ruibin Yan , Taiyu Wong , Yiyang Chen , Jialai Wang , Chao Zhang

Symbolic execution is a powerful program analysis technique that allows for the systematic exploration of all program paths. Path explosion, where the number of states to track becomes unwieldy, is one of the biggest challenges hindering…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Joshua Bailey , Charles Nicholas

As blockchain technology continues to evolve and mature, smart contracts have become a key driving force behind the digitization and automation of transactions. Smart contracts greatly simplify and refine the traditional business…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Lantian Li , Yejian Liang , Zhongxing Yu

Smart contract vulnerability detection remains a major challenge in blockchain security. Existing vulnerability detection methods face two main issues: (1) Existing datasets lack comprehensive coverage and high-quality explanations for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Lei Yu , Zhirong Huang , Hang Yuan , Shiqi Cheng , Li Yang , Fengjun Zhang , Chenjie Shen , Jiajia Ma , Jingyuan Zhang , Junyi Lu , Chun Zuo

Modern automotive software is highly complex and consists of millions lines of code. For safety-relevant automotive software, it is recommended to use sound static program analysis to prove the absence of runtime errors. However, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Jesko Hecking-Harbusch , Jochen Quante , Maximilian Schlund

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs that are executed across a blockchain. Unlike traditional programs, once deployed, they cannot be modified. As smart contracts carry more value, they become more of an exciting target for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Christof Ferreira Torres , Antonio Ken Iannillo , Arthur Gervais , Radu State

Vulnerability detection and safety of smart contracts are of paramount importance because of their immutable nature. Symbolic tools like OYENTE and MAIAN are typically used for vulnerability prediction in smart contracts. As these tools are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Ajay K. Gogineni , S. Swayamjyoti , Devadatta Sahoo , Kisor K. Sahu , Raj kishore
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