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In the real world, a learning system could receive an input that is unlike anything it has seen during training. Unfortunately, out-of-distribution samples can lead to unpredictable behaviour. We need to know whether any given input belongs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Alireza Shafaei , Mark Schmidt , James J. Little

Standard classification theory assumes that the distribution of images in the test and training sets are identical. Unfortunately, real-life scenarios typically feature unseen data (``out-of-distribution data") which is different from data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Gianluca Barone , Aashrit Cunchala , Rudy Nunez

An outlier is an observation or a data point that is far from rest of the data points in a given dataset or we can be said that an outlier is away from the center of mass of observations. Presence of outliers can skew statistical measures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Amulya Agarwal , Nitin Gupta

There are a number of mathematical formalisms of the term "outlier" in statistics, though there is no consensus on what the right notion ought to be. Accordingly, we try to give a consistent and robust definition for a specific type of…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-27 Ahmet Zahid Balcıoğlu , Oğuz Gürerk

Teaching requires distilling a rich category distribution into a small set of informative exemplars. Although prior work shows that humans consider both representativeness and diversity when teaching, the computational principles underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Fanxiao Wani Qiu , Oscar Leong , Alexander LaTourrette

Supervised classification methods often assume the train and test data distributions are the same and that all classes in the test set are present in the training set. However, deployed classifiers often require the ability to recognize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Ryne Roady , Tyler L. Hayes , Ronald Kemker , Ayesha Gonzales , Christopher Kanan

Quantifying the similarity between datasets has widespread applications in statistics and machine learning. The performance of a predictive model on novel datasets, referred to as generalizability, depends on how similar the training and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-18 Marieke Stolte , Franziska Kappenberg , Jörg Rahnenführer , Andrea Bommert

A trained ML model is deployed on another `test' dataset where target feature values (labels) are unknown. Drift is distribution change between the training and deployment data, which is concerning if model performance changes. For a…

Applications · Statistics 2022-09-07 Samuel Ackerman , Eitan Farchi , Orna Raz , Marcel Zalmanovici , Parijat Dube

This study explores the impact of class outliers on the effectiveness of example-based explainability methods for black-box machine learning models. We reformulate existing explainability evaluation metrics, such as correctness and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Ikhtiyor Nematov , Dimitris Sacharidis , Tomer Sagi , Katja Hose

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an important task in machine learning systems for ensuring their reliability and safety. Deep probabilistic generative models facilitate OOD detection by estimating the likelihood of a data sample.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Jaemoo Choi , Changyeon Yoon , Jeongwoo Bae , Myungjoo Kang

Using methods of statistical mechanics, we analyse the effect of outliers on the supervised learning of a classification problem. The learning strategy aims at selecting informative examples and discarding outliers. We compare two…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-31 Rainer Dietrich , Manfred Opper

Machine learning has achieved tremendous success in a variety of domains in recent years. However, a lot of these success stories have been in places where the training and the testing distributions are extremely similar to each other. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-05 Martin Arjovsky

We propose an inlier-based outlier detection method capable of both identifying the outliers and explaining why they are outliers, by identifying the outlier-specific features. Specifically, we employ an inlier-based outlier detection…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-22 Makoto Yamada , Song Liu , Samuel Kaski

Adoption of deep learning in safety-critical systems raise the need for understanding what deep neural networks do not understand after models have been deployed. The behaviour of deep neural networks is undefined for so called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Rickard Sjögren , Johan Trygg

Automated machine learning has been widely researched and adopted in the field of supervised classification and regression, but progress in unsupervised settings has been limited. We propose a novel approach to automate outlier detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Prabhant Singh , Joaquin Vanschoren

The increased success of Deep Learning (DL) has recently sparked large-scale deployment of DL models in many diverse industry segments. Yet, a crucial weakness of supervised model is the inherent difficulty in handling out-of-distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Lixuan Yang , Dario Rossi

Deep learning (DL)-based systems can exhibit unexpected behavior when exposed to out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios, posing serious risks in safety-critical domains such as malware detection and autonomous driving. This underscores the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jingyu Zhang , Fan Wang , Jacky Keung , Yihan Liao , Yan Xiao , Lei Ma

The problem of detecting whether a test sample is from in-distribution (i.e., training distribution by a classifier) or out-of-distribution sufficiently different from it arises in many real-world machine learning applications. However, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-27 Kimin Lee , Honglak Lee , Kibok Lee , Jinwoo Shin

Multiple instance data are sets or multi-sets of unordered elements. Using metrics or distances for sets, we propose an approach to several multiple instance learning tasks, such as clustering (unsupervised learning), classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Quang N. Tran , Ba-Ngu Vo , Dinh Phung , Ba-Tuong Vo , Thuong Nguyen

Within the machine learning community, the widely-used uniform convergence framework has been used to answer the question of how complex, over-parameterized models can generalize well to new data. This approach bounds the test error of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-05 Ryan Theisen , Jason M. Klusowski , Michael W. Mahoney
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