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The Kerr nature of a compact-object-coalescence remnant can be unveiled by observing multiple quasi-normal modes (QNMs) in the post-merger signal. Current methods to achieve this goal rely on matching the data with a superposition of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-10-31 Richard Brito , Alessandra Buonanno , Vivien Raymond

We present a new method to search for gravitational waves from quasinormal modes in the ringdowns of the remnants of the mergers of the binary black hole systems. The method is based on maximum likelihood estimation. We derive a time-domain…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-28 A. Królak , O. Dorosh

The ''ringdown'' stage of gravitational-wave signals from binary black hole mergers, mainly consisting of a superposition of quasinormal modes emitted by the merger remnant, is a key tool to test fundamental physics and to probe black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-06 Francesco Crescimbeni , Gregorio Carullo , Emanuele Berti , Giada Caneva Santoro , Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Paolo Pani

The detection of quadratic quasi-normal modes would provide a direct probe into black hole nonlinear perturbations. We report the first observational evidence of a set of quadratic quasi-normal modes in the gravitational-wave ringdown of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-12 Yi-Fan Wang , Sizheng Ma , Neev Khera , Huan Yang

Using high-accuracy numerical relativity waveforms, we confirm the presence of numerous overtones of the $\ell=2$, $m=2$ quasinormal mode early in the ringdown of binary black hole mergers. We do this by demonstrating the stability of the…

Templates modeling just the dominant mode of gravitational radiation are generally sufficient for the unbiased parameter inference of near-equal-mass compact binary mergers. However, neglecting the subdominant modes can bias the inference…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-09-04 Mukesh Kumar Singh , Shasvath J Kapadia , Aditya Vijaykumar , Parameswaran Ajith

Black-hole spectroscopy, that is, measuring the characteristic frequencies and damping times of different modes in a black-hole ringdown, is a powerful probe for testing deviations from the general theory of relativity (GR). In this work,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-14 Costantino Pacilio , Swetha Bhagwat

It is expected that all astrophysical black holes in equilibrium are well described by the Kerr solution. Moreover, any black hole far away from equilibrium, such as one initially formed in a compact binary merger or by the collapse of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-14 Pierre Mourier , Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Daniel Pook-Kolb , Badri Krishnan , Erik Schnetter

The "no-hair" theorem states that astrophysical black holes are fully characterised by just two numbers: their mass and spin. The gravitational-wave emission from a perturbed black-hole consists of a superposition of damped sinusoids, known…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-02-03 Juan Calderón Bustillo , Paul D. Lasky , Eric Thrane

Extracting quasinormal modes from compact binary mergers to perform black hole spectroscopy is one of the fundamental pillars in current and future strong-gravity tests. Among the most remarkable findings of recent works is that including a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-19 Peter James Nee , Sebastian H. Völkel , Harald P. Pfeiffer

We study the capability of the space-based gravitational wave observatory TianQin to test the no-hair theorem of General Relativity, using the ringdown signal from the coalescence of massive black hole binaries. We parameterize the ringdown…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-08-28 Changfu Shi , Jiahui Bao , Haitian Wang , Jian-dong Zhang , Yiming Hu , Alberto Sesana , Enrico Barausse , Jianwei Mei , Jun Luo

Gravitational-wave observations of black hole ringdowns are commonly used to characterize binary merger remnants and to test general relativity. These analyses assume linear black hole perturbation theory, in particular that the ringdown…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-31 Laura Sberna , Pablo Bosch , William E. East , Stephen R. Green , Luis Lehner

During the post-merger regime of a binary black hole merger, the gravitational wave signal consists of a superposition of quasi-normal modes (QNMs) of the remnant black hole. It has been observed empirically, primarily through numerical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-22 A. Ribes Metidieri , B. Bonga , B. Krishnan

The remnant black hole from a binary coalescence emits ringdown gravitational waves characterized by quasinormal modes, which depend solely on the remnant's mass and spin. In contrast, the ringdown amplitudes and phases are determined by…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-04 Costantino Pacilio , Swetha Bhagwat , Francesco Nobili , Davide Gerosa

General relativity predicts that a black hole that results from the merger of two compact stars (either black holes or neutron stars) is initially highly deformed but soon settles down to a quiescent state by emitting a superposition of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-03-19 S. Gossan , J. Veitch , B. S. Sathyaprakash

Black-hole spectroscopy aims to infer properties of the remnant spacetime from the quasinormal-mode (QNM) spectrum of the gravitational-wave ringdown signal. In most implementations, however, this inference is performed with waveform models…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-26 Shitong Guo , Yan-Gang Miao

In general relativity, when two black holes merge they produce a rotating (Kerr) black hole remnant. According to perturbation theory, the remnant emits "ringdown" radiation: a superposition of exponentials with characteristic complex…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-15 Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Emanuele Berti , Vishal Baibhav , Roberto Cotesta

The quasinormal mode spectrum of black holes plays a crucial role in the modelling of post-merger ringdown signals. However, the spectrum is extremely sensitive to small deformations of the system and describes the linear response only in a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-12 Romeo Felice Rosato , Kyriakos Destounis , Paolo Pani

The ongoing observations of merging black holes by the instruments of the fledging gravitational wave astronomy has opened the way for testing the general relativistic Kerr black hole metric and, at the same time, for probing the existence…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-03-07 Kostas Glampedakis , George Pappas

We perform Bayesian analysis of gravitational-wave signals from non-spinning, intermediate-mass black-hole binaries (IMBHBs) with observed total mass, $M_{\mathrm{obs}}$, from $50\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ to $500\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ and mass ratio…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-09-01 Philip B. Graff , Alessandra Buonanno , B. S. Sathyaprakash