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The no-hair conjecture in General Relativity (GR) states that a Kerr black hole (BH) is completely described by its mass and spin. As a consequence, the complex quasi-normal-mode (QNM) frequencies of a binary-black-hole (BBH) ringdown can…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-23 Abhirup Ghosh , Richard Brito , Alessandra Buonanno

Merging binary black holes exhibit a ringdown phase in which they primarily emit gravitational waves in the shape of damped sinusoids corresponding to quasi-normal modes of the Kerr remnant. In general, each mode carries four degrees of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-18 Nicole Khusid , Will Farr , Max Isi

The ringdown phase of a binary black hole merger is modelled by the quasi-normal modes of a perturbed Kerr black hole. According to the black hole no-hair theorem, the emitted ringdown spectra are constrained by the mass and spin of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-12 Zaryab Ahmed , Shilpa Kastha , Alex B. Nielsen

The properties of a remnant black hole can be probed by analyzing the gravitational waves emitted during its ringdown phase. This signal provides a direct test of general relativity in the strong-field regime. In this study, we apply a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-11 Hai-Tian Wang

It is commonly believed that the ringdown signal from a binary coalescence provides a conclusive proof for the formation of an event horizon after the merger. This expectation is based on the assumption that the ringdown waveform at…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-19 Vitor Cardoso , Edgardo Franzin , Paolo Pani

Gravitational waves provide direct information about the nature of spacetime and the existence of black holes. The remnant of a binary black hole merger emits gravitational waves in the form of quasinormal modes, whose spectrum is known as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-18 Iara Ota

Modelling the end point of binary black hole mergers is a cornerstone of modern gravitational-wave astronomy. Extracting multiple quasinormal mode frequencies from the ringdown signal allows the remnant black hole to be studied in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-11 Eliot Finch , Christopher J. Moore

The coalescence of two black holes generates gravitational waves that carry detailed information about the properties of those black holes and their binary configuration. The final coalescence cycles are in the form of a {\it ringdown}: a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-11-18 Scott A. Hughes , Anuj Apte , Gaurav Khanna , Halston Lim

General relativity's no-hair theorem states that isolated astrophysical black holes are described by only two numbers: mass and spin. As a consequence, there are strict relationships between the frequency and damping time of the different…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-11-22 Eric Thrane , Paul Lasky , Yuri Levin

Newly formed black holes are expected to emit characteristic radiation in the form of quasi-normal modes, called ringdown waves, with discrete frequencies. LISA should be able to detect the ringdown waves emitted by oscillating supermassive…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Emanuele Berti , Vitor Cardoso , Clifford M. Will

A major aim of gravitational wave astronomy is to test observationally the Kerr nature of black holes. The strongest such test, with minimal additional assumptions, is provided by observations of multiple ringdown modes, also known as black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-10 Collin D. Capano , Jahed Abedi , Shilpa Kastha , Alexander H. Nitz , Julian Westerweck , Yi-Fan Wang , Miriam Cabero , Alex B. Nielsen , Badri Krishnan

Motivated by the recent discoveries of binary black-hole mergers by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (Advanced LIGO), we investigate the prospects of ground-based detectors to perform a spectroscopic analysis…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-01-31 Swetha Bhagwat , Duncan A. Brown , Stefan W. Ballmer

A perturbed black hole rings down by emitting gravitational waves in tones with specific frequencies and durations. Such tones encode prized information about the geometry of the source spacetime and the fundamental nature of gravity,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-07-15 Maximiliano Isi , Will M. Farr

Black holes in General Relativity are famously characterized by two "hairs" only, the mass and the spin of the Kerr spacetime. Theories extending General Relativity, however, allow in principle for additional black hole charges, which will…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-08 Kallol Dey , Enrico Barausse , Soumen Basak

Perturbed Kerr black holes emit gravitational radiation, which (for the practical purposes of gravitational-wave astronomy) consists of a superposition of damped sinusoids termed quasi-normal modes. The frequencies and time-constants of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-30 Ioannis Kamaretsos , Mark Hannam , Sascha Husa , B. S. Sathyaprakash

The ringdown phase of a binary black-hole merger encodes key information about the remnant properties and provides a direct probe of the strong-field regime of General Relativity. While quasi-normal mode frequencies and damping times are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-05 Francesco Nobili , Swetha Bhagwat , Costantino Pacilio , Davide Gerosa

In the aftermath of a binary black hole merger event, the gravitational wave signal emitted by the remnant black hole is modeled as a superposition of damped sinusoids known as quasinormal modes. While the dominant quasinormal modes…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-18 Sophia Yi , Adrien Kuntz , Enrico Barausse , Emanuele Berti , Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Konstantinos Kritos , Andrea Maselli

A black hole that is ringing down to quiescence emits gravitational radiation of a very specific nature that can inform us of its mass and angular momentum, test the no-hair theorem for black holes, and perhaps even give us additional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-07-15 Gregory B. Cook

Gravitational waves emitted in the aftermath of a black hole binary coalescence have characteristic complex frequencies called quasinormal modes (QNMs). These can be used to test the nature of the merger remnant, e.g. a test of the black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-08-09 Arnab Dhani , B. S. Sathyaprakash

Measuring quasinormal modes (QNMs) during the ringdown phase of binary black hole coalescences provides key insights into merger dynamics and enables tests of the no-hair theorem. The QNM rational filter has recently been introduced as a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-12 Neil Lu , Sizheng Ma , Ornella J. Piccinni , Ling Sun , Eliot Finch