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The electrical grid is evolving from a network consisting of mostly synchronous machines to a mixture of synchronous machines and inverter-based resources such as wind, solar, and energy storage. This transformation has led to a decrease in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-29 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

The dynamic response of power grids to small events or persistent stochastic disturbances influences their stable operation. Low-frequency inter-area oscillations are of particular concern due to insufficient damping. This paper studies the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-20 Manish K. Singh , Vassilis Kekatos

The frequency droop response of conventional turbine driven synchronous generators with respect to load increases is normally used in order to have stable operating characteristics for multiple generators operating in parallel over large…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-09-11 Kirsch N. Mackey , Roy A. McCann

The infusion of renewable energy sources into the conventional synchronous generation system decreases the overall system inertia and negatively impacts the stability of its primary frequency response. The lowered inertia is due to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-11 Mohamed Abuagreb , Ahmed Abuhussein , Saif alZahir

The stability of inverter-dominated power grids remains an active area of research. This paper presents novel sufficient conditions for ensuring small-signal stability in lossless and constant $R/X$ grids with highly heterogeneous mixes of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-03 Jakob Niehues , Robin Delabays , Anna Büttner , Frank Hellmann

This paper investigates the transient stability of power systems co-dominated by different types of grid-forming (GFM) devices. Synchronous generators (SGs and VSGs) and droop-controlled inverters are typical GFM devices in modern power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-13 Xiuqiang He , Hua Geng

There are tradeoffs between current sharing among distributed resources and DC bus voltage stability when conventional droop control is used in DC microgrids. As current sharing approaches the setpoint, bus voltage deviation increases.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-01-24 Tuyen V. Vu , Dallas Perkins , Fernand Diaz , David Gonsoulin , Chris S. Edrington , Touria El-Mezyani

In this paper we extend our recently proposed Deadzone-Adapted Disturbance Suppression (DADS) Control approach from systems with matched uncertainties to general systems in parametric strict feedback form. The DADS approach prevents gain…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-28 Iasson Karafyllis , Miroslav Krstic , Alexandros Aslanidis

In this paper, we analytically study the transient stability of grid-connected converters with grid-forming complex droop control, also known as dispatchable virtual oscillator control. We prove theoretically that complex droop control, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-24 Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Irina Subotić , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

Frequency control plays a pivotal role in reliable power system operations. It is conventionally performed in a hierarchical way that first rapidly stabilizes the frequency deviations and then slowly recovers the nominal frequency. However,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-03 Yan Jiang , Wenqi Cui , Baosen Zhang , Jorge Cortés

We consider the problem of controlling the frequency of low-inertia power systems via inverter-based resources (IBRs) that are weakly connected to the grid. We propose a novel grid-forming control strategy, the so-called frequency shaping…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Yashen Lin , Andrey Bernstein , Enrique Mallada , Dominic Groß

Frequency control following a contingency event is of vital concern in power system operations. Leveraging inverter-based resources, it is not hard to shape the center of inertia (COI) frequency nicely. However, under weak grid conditions,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Yan Jiang , Wei Chen , Zhaomin Lyu , Xunning Zhang , Dan Wang , Shinji Hara

As power systems transit to a state of high renewable penetration, little or no presence of synchronous generators makes the prerequisite of well-regulated frequency for grid-following inverters unrealistic. Thus, there is a trend to resort…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-16 Yan Jiang , Andrey Bernstein , Petr Vorobev , Enrique Mallada

The increasing penetration of converter-based renewable generation has resulted in faster frequency dynamics, and low and variable inertia. As a result, there is a need for frequency control methods that are able to stabilize a disturbance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-13 Jie Feng , Manasa Muralidharan , Rodrigo Henriquez-Auba , Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez , Yuanyuan Shi

This paper investigates the performance of a microgrid with droop-controlled inverters in terms of the total power losses incurred in maintaining synchrony under persistent small disturbances. The inverters are modeled with variable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-01 Emma Tegling , Dennice F. Gayme , Henrik Sandberg

To address the control challenges associated with the increasing share of inverter-connected renewable energy resources, this paper proposes a direct data-driven approach for fast frequency control in the bulk power system. The proposed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-12 Etinosa Ekomwenrenren , John W. Simpson-Porco , Evangelos Farantatos , Mahendra Patel , Aboutaleb Haddadi , Lin Zhu

The advance of autonomous Smart Sensor Networks and embedded systems for the Internet of Things, powered by photovoltaic energy harvesting, is severely limited by energy efficiency, especially in low-light environments. While Dynamic Power…

Grid-forming inverter-based autonomous microgrids present new operational challenges as the stabilizing rotational inertia of synchronous machines is absent. The design of efficient control policies for grid-forming inverters is, however, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy D. Watson , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

To ensure frequency security in power systems, both the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) and the frequency nadir (FN) must be explicitly accounted for in real-time frequency-constrained optimal power flow (FCOPF). However, accurately…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-13 Fan Jiang , Xingpeng Li , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Power grid frequency control is a demanding task requiring expensive idle power plants to adapt the supply to the fluctuating demand. An alternative approach is controlling the demand side in such a way that certain appliances modify their…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-08-09 E. B. Tchawou Tchuisseu , D. Gomila , D. Brunner , P. Colet