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We propose a new decision procedure for dependency quantified Boolean formulas (DQBF) that uses interpolation-based definition extraction to compute Skolem functions in a counter-example guided inductive synthesis (CEGIS) loop. In each…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Franz-Xaver Reichl , Friedrich Slivovsky , Stefan Szeider

QBFs (quantified boolean formulas), which are a superset of propositional formulas, provide a canonical representation for PSPACE problems. To overcome the inherent complexity of QBF, significant effort has been invested in developing QBF…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-10-10 Mikolas Janota , Radu Grigore , Joao Marques-Silva

Q-resolution is a proof system for quantified Boolean formulas (QBFs) in prenex conjunctive normal form (PCNF) which underlies search-based QBF solvers with clause and cube learning (QCDCL). With the aim to derive and learn stronger clauses…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-06-15 Florian Lonsing , Uwe Egly , Martina Seidl

Current algorithms for bounded model checking use SAT methods for checking satisfiability of Boolean formulae. These methods suffer from the potential memory explosion problem. Methods based on the validity of Quantified Boolean Formulae…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Jacob Katz , Ziyad Hanna , Nachum Dershowitz

Quantified Boolean Formula (QBF) is a notoriously hard generalization of \textsc{SAT}, especially from the point of view of parameterized complexity, where the problem remains intractable for most standard parameters. A recent work by…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Andreas Grigorjew , Michael Lampis

We present version 2.0 of QRATPre+, a preprocessor for quantified Boolean formulas (QBFs) based on the QRAT proof system and its generalization QRAT+. These systems rely on strong redundancy properties of clauses and universal literals.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Florian Lonsing , Uwe Egly

We present the latest major release version 6.0 of the quantified Boolean formula (QBF) solver DepQBF, which is based on QCDCL. QCDCL is an extension of the conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) paradigm implemented in state of the art…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-07-27 Florian Lonsing , Uwe Egly

We demonstrate how to learn efficient heuristics for automated reasoning algorithms for quantified Boolean formulas through deep reinforcement learning. We focus on a backtracking search algorithm, which can already solve formulas of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Gil Lederman , Markus N. Rabe , Edward A. Lee , Sanjit A. Seshia

We propose reductions to quantified Boolean formulas (QBF) as a new approach to showing fixed-parameter linear algorithms for problems parameterized by treewidth. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by giving new algorithms for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Michael Lampis , Stefan Mengel , Valia Mitsou

Quantified Boolean formulas (QBFs) generalize propositional formulas by admitting quantifications over propositional variables. QBFs can be viewed as (restricted) formulas of first-order predicate logic and easy translations of QBFs into…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-04-25 Uwe Egly

Dependency Quantified Boolean Formulas (DQBF) generalize QBF by explicitly specifying which universal variables each existential variable depends on, instead of relying on a linear quantifier order. The satisfiability problem of DQBF is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Long-Hin Fung , Che Cheng , Jie-Hong Roland Jiang , Friedrich Slivovsky , Tony Tan

Configurable systems typically consist of reusable assets that have dependencies between each other. To specify such dependencies, feature models are commonly used. As feature models in practice are often complex, automated reasoning is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Chico Sundermann , Stefan Vill , Elias Kuiter , Sebastian Krieter , Thomas Thüm , Matthias Tichy

This paper reports on the QBF solver QFUN that has won the non-CNF track in the recent QBF evaluation. The solver is motivated by the fact that it is easy to construct Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBFs) with short winning strategies…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-10-09 Mikoláš Janota

Computer programs, so-called solvers, for solving the well-known Boolean satisfiability problem (Sat) have been improving for decades. Among the reasons, why these solvers are so fast, is the implicit usage of the formula's structural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Markus Hecher

This is a brief overview on the background behind the test set formulas generated by the QBM tool. After establishing its application context, its formal approach to the generation of QBF formulas and the concrete test set formulas are…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-01-09 Thomas B. Preußer

We exploit symmetries to give short proofs for two prominent formula families of QBF proof complexity. On the one hand, we employ symmetry breakers. On the other hand, we enrich the (relatively weak) QBF resolution calculus Q-Res with the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Manuel Kauers , Martina Seidl

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is an artificial intelligence approach to problem-solving with a good record of success. This article proposes using Quantum Computing to improve some of the key processes of CBR, such that a Quantum Case-Based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Parfait Atchade-Adelomou , Daniel Casado-Fauli , Elisabet Golobardes-Ribe , Xavier Vilasis-Cardona

Answer Set Programming with Quantifiers ASP(Q) extends Answer Set Programming (ASP) to allow for declarative and modular modeling of problems from the entire polynomial hierarchy. The first implementation of ASP(Q), called qasp, was based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Wolfgang Faber , Giuseppe Mazzotta , Francesco Ricca

We introduce new semi-algebraic proof systems for Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBF) analogous to the propositional systems Nullstellensatz, Sherali-Adams and Sum-of-Squares. We transfer to this setting techniques both from the QBF…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Olaf Beyersdorff , Ilario Bonacina , Kaspar Kasche , Meena Mahajan , Luc Nicolas Spachmann

Many verification and synthesis approaches rely on solving techniques for quantified Boolean formulas (QBF). Consequently, solution witnesses, in the form of Boolean functions, become more and more important as they represent…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Jesko Hecking-Harbusch , Leander Tentrup