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Let F:R^n -> R be a feedforward ReLU neural network. It is well-known that for any choice of parameters, F is continuous and piecewise (affine) linear. We lay some foundations for a systematic investigation of how the architecture of F…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-03 J. Elisenda Grigsby , Kathryn Lindsey

The practice of deep learning has shown that neural networks generalize remarkably well even with an extreme number of learned parameters. This appears to contradict traditional statistical wisdom, in which a trade-off between model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Yifei Wang , Yixuan Hua , Emmanuel Candés , Mert Pilanci

Rectified Linear Units (ReLU) are the default choice for activation functions in deep neural networks. While they demonstrate excellent empirical performance, ReLU activations can fall victim to the dead neuron problem. In these cases, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Tim Whitaker , Darrell Whitley

Deep ReLU neural networks admit nontrivial functional symmetries: vastly different architectures and parameters (weights and biases) can realize the same function. We address the complete identification problem -- given a function f,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yani Zhang , Helmut Bölcskei

Amongst others, the adoption of Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs) is regarded as one of the ingredients of the success of deep learning. ReLU activation has been shown to mitigate the vanishing gradient issue, to encourage sparsity in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-14 Nicola Picchiotti , Marco Gori

Deep residual networks have recently shown appealing performance on many challenging computer vision tasks. However, the original residual structure still has some defects making it difficult to converge on very deep networks. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-05-31 Falong Shen , Gang Zeng

In this paper we investigate the family of functions representable by deep neural networks (DNN) with rectified linear units (ReLU). We give an algorithm to train a ReLU DNN with one hidden layer to *global optimality* with runtime…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Raman Arora , Amitabh Basu , Poorya Mianjy , Anirbit Mukherjee

An artificial neuron is modelled as a weighted summation followed by an activation function which determines its output. A wide variety of activation functions such as rectified linear units (ReLU), leaky-ReLU, Swish, MISH, etc. have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Fayyaz ul Amir Afsar Minhas , Amina Asif

Deep learning has exhibited remarkable results across diverse areas. To understand its success, substantial research has been directed towards its theoretical foundations. Nevertheless, the majority of these studies examine how well deep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-11 Hao Liu , Jiahui Cheng , Wenjing Liao

Generative models for deep learning are promising both to improve understanding of the model, and yield training methods requiring fewer labeled samples. Recent works use generative model approaches to produce the deep net's input given the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-23 Sanjeev Arora , Yingyu Liang , Tengyu Ma

It is well-known that the expressivity of a neural network depends on its architecture, with deeper networks expressing more complex functions. In the case of networks that compute piecewise linear functions, such as those with ReLU…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-12 Boris Hanin , David Rolnick

Neural networks are regularly employed in adaptive control of nonlinear systems and related methods of reinforcement learning. A common architecture uses a neural network with a single hidden layer (i.e. a shallow network), in which the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-18 Andrew Lamperski , Tyler Lekang

Convex functions and their gradients play a critical role in mathematical imaging, from proximal optimization to Optimal Transport. The successes of deep learning has led many to use learning-based methods, where fixed functions or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Anne Gagneux , Mathurin Massias , Emmanuel Soubies , Rémi Gribonval

In a neural network with ReLU activations, the number of piecewise linear regions in the output can grow exponentially with depth. However, this is highly unlikely to happen when the initial parameters are sampled randomly, which therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Max Milkert , David Hyde , Forrest Laine

We propose and analyze a new family of algorithms for training neural networks with ReLU activations. Our algorithms are based on the technique of alternating minimization: estimating the activation patterns of each ReLU for all given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-12 Gauri Jagatap , Chinmay Hegde

Rectified linear unit (ReLU) activations can also be thought of as 'gates', which, either pass or stop their pre-activation input when they are 'on' (when the pre-activation input is positive) or 'off' (when the pre-activation input is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Chandrashekar Lakshminarayanan , Amit Vikram Singh

This article is concerned with the approximation and expressive powers of deep neural networks. This is an active research area currently producing many interesting papers. The results most commonly found in the literature prove that neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-08 I. Daubechies , R. DeVore , S. Foucart , B. Hanin , G. Petrova

Residual deep neural networks (ResNets) are mathematically described as interacting particle systems. In the case of infinitely many layers the ResNet leads to a system of coupled system of ordinary differential equations known as neural…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-05-11 M. Herty , A. Thuenen , T. Trimborn , G. Visconti

We explore convergence of deep neural networks with the popular ReLU activation function, as the depth of the networks tends to infinity. To this end, we introduce the notion of activation domains and activation matrices of a ReLU network.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Yuesheng Xu , Haizhang Zhang

It is widely believed that the success of deep convolutional networks is based on progressively discarding uninformative variability about the input with respect to the problem at hand. This is supported empirically by the difficulty of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-25 Jörn-Henrik Jacobsen , Arnold Smeulders , Edouard Oyallon