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Neural networks often operate in the overparameterized regime, in which there are far more parameters than training samples, allowing the training data to be fit perfectly. That is, training the network effectively learns an interpolating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Suzanna Parkinson , Greg Ongie , Rebecca Willett

ReLU (rectified linear units) neural network has received significant attention since its emergence. In this paper, a univariate ReLU (UReLU) neural network is proposed to both modelling the nonlinear dynamic system and revealing insights…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-06 Xinglong Liang , Jun Xu

Injectivity is the defining property of a mapping that ensures no information is lost and any input can be perfectly reconstructed from its output. By performing hard thresholding, the ReLU function naturally interferes with this property,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Daniel Haider , Martin Ehler , Peter Balazs

We consider functions from the real numbers to the real numbers, output by a neural network with 1 hidden activation layer, arbitrary width, and ReLU activation function. We assume that the parameters of the neural network are chosen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-20 David Holmes

This paper aims to interpret the mechanism of feedforward ReLU networks by exploring their solutions for piecewise linear functions, through the deduction from basic rules. The constructed solution should be universal enough to explain some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Changcun Huang

This paper presents a new mathematical framework to analyze the loss functions of deep neural networks with ReLU functions. Furthermore, as as application of this theory, we prove that the loss functions can reconstruct the inputs of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-21 Akiyoshi Sannai

We consider neural networks with rational activation functions. The choice of the nonlinear activation function in deep learning architectures is crucial and heavily impacts the performance of a neural network. We establish optimal bounds…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Nicolas Boullé , Yuji Nakatsukasa , Alex Townsend

Motivated by the growing theoretical understanding of neural networks that employ the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) as their activation function, we revisit the use of ReLU activation functions for learning implicit neural representations…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-05 Joseph Shenouda , Yamin Zhou , Robert D. Nowak

We can compare the expressiveness of neural networks that use rectified linear units (ReLUs) by the number of linear regions, which reflect the number of pieces of the piecewise linear functions modeled by such networks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Thiago Serra , Srikumar Ramalingam

We define the local complexity of a neural network with continuous piecewise linear activations as a measure of the density of linear regions over an input data distribution. We show theoretically that ReLU networks that learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Niket Patel , Guido Montufar

ReLU neural networks define piecewise linear functions of their inputs. However, initializing and training a neural network is very different from fitting a linear spline. In this paper, we expand empirically upon previous theoretical work…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-30 Kevin K. Chen , Anthony Gamst , Alden Walker

Neural networks have proved an effective means of learning control policies for autonomous systems, but these learned policies are difficult to understand due to the black-box nature of neural networks. This lack of interpretability makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hector Woods , Philippa Ryan , Rob Alexander

In studying the expressiveness of neural networks, an important question is whether there are functions which can only be approximated by sufficiently deep networks, assuming their size is bounded. However, for constant depths, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Gal Vardi , Ohad Shamir

Recent results in nonparametric regression show that deep learning, i.e., neural network estimates with many hidden layers, are able to circumvent the so-called curse of dimensionality in case that suitable restrictions on the structure of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-30 Michael Kohler , Sophie Langer

Neural networks are powerful functions with widespread use, but the theoretical behaviour of these functions is not fully understood. Creating deep neural networks by stacking many layers has achieved exceptional performance in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Cameron Jakub , Mihai Nica

Equivariant neural networks are neural networks with symmetry. Motivated by the theory of group representations, we decompose the layers of an equivariant neural network into simple representations. The nonlinear activation functions lead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Joel Gibson , Daniel Tubbenhauer , Geordie Williamson

Mechanistic Interpretability aims to reverse engineer the algorithms implemented by neural networks by studying their weights and activations. An obstacle to reverse engineering neural networks is that many of the parameters inside a…

Quantile regression is the task of estimating a specified percentile response, such as the median, from a collection of known covariates. We study quantile regression with rectified linear unit (ReLU) neural networks as the chosen model…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-21 Oscar Hernan Madrid Padilla , Wesley Tansey , Yanzhen Chen

We investigate the implications of removing bias in ReLU networks regarding their expressivity and learning dynamics. We first show that two-layer bias-free ReLU networks have limited expressivity: the only odd function two-layer bias-free…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Yedi Zhang , Andrew Saxe , Peter E. Latham

We provide a theoretical explanation of the role of the number of nodes at each layer in deep neural networks. We prove that the largest variation of a deep neural network with ReLU activation function arises when the layer with the fewest…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-11 Yongdai Kim , Dongha Kim