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This paper targets the problem of procedural multimodal machine comprehension (M3C). This task requires an AI to comprehend given steps of multimodal instructions and then answer questions. Compared to vanilla machine comprehension tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Pritish Sahu , Karan Sikka , Ajay Divakaran

Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) becomes particularly challenging when all choices are relevant to the question and are semantically similar. Yet this setting of MCQA can potentially provide valuable clues for choosing the right…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Wenqing Deng , Zhe Wang , Kewen Wang , Shirui Pan , Xiaowang Zhang , Zhiyong Feng

The large language models have achieved superior performance on various natural language tasks. One major drawback of such approaches is they are resource-intensive in fine-tuning new datasets. Soft-prompt tuning presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Guoxin Chen , Yiming Qian , Bowen Wang , Liangzhi Li

Despite substantial progress in applying neural networks (NN) to multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) areas, they still largely suffer from a lack of transparency and interoperability. However, its implicit cooperative mechanism is not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhonghan Ge , Yuanyang Zhu , Chunlin Chen

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) has become a core component in a variety of natural language processing (NLP) applications such as question answering and dialogue systems. It becomes a practical challenge that an MRC model needs to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-26 Lixin Su , Jiafeng Guo , Ruqing Zhang , Yixing Fan , Yanyan Lan , Xueqi Cheng

In this paper, we introduce the Reinforced Mnemonic Reader for machine reading comprehension tasks, which enhances previous attentive readers in two aspects. First, a reattention mechanism is proposed to refine current attentions by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Minghao Hu , Yuxing Peng , Zhen Huang , Xipeng Qiu , Furu Wei , Ming Zhou

A standard way to evaluate the abilities of LLM involves presenting a multiple-choice question and selecting the option with the highest logit as the model's predicted answer. However, such a format for evaluating LLMs has limitations,…

This paper considers the reading comprehension task in which multiple documents are given as input. Prior work has shown that a pipeline of retriever, reader, and reranker can improve the overall performance. However, the pipeline system is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Minghao Hu , Yuxing Peng , Zhen Huang , Dongsheng Li

Reading comprehension has been widely studied. One of the most representative reading comprehension tasks is Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD), on which machine is already comparable with human. On the other hand, accessing large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Chia-Hsuan Li , Szu-Lin Wu , Chi-Liang Liu , Hung-yi Lee

Multimodal multihop question answering (MMQA) requires reasoning over images and text from multiple sources. Despite advances in visual question answering, this multihop setting remains underexplored due to a lack of quality datasets.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Amirhossein Abaskohi , Spandana Gella , Giuseppe Carenini , Issam H. Laradji

Large Language Models (LLMs) often fail on complex reasoning tasks due to flawed question comprehension, not just flawed logic. This paper presents a systematic investigation into these comprehension failures. Our work yields three key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Feijiang Han , Hengtao Cui , Licheng Guo , Zelong Wang , Zhiyuan Lyu

The increasing availability of multimodal data across text, tables, and images presents new challenges for developing models capable of complex cross-modal reasoning. Existing methods for Multimodal Multi-hop Question Answering (MMQA) often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Qi Zhi Lim , Chin Poo Lee , Kian Ming Lim , Kalaiarasi Sonai Muthu Anbananthen

Commonsense knowledge plays an important role when we read. The performance of BERT on SQuAD dataset shows that the accuracy of BERT can be better than human users. However, it does not mean that computers can surpass the human being in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Yidan Hu , Gongqi Lin , Yuan Miao , Chunyan Miao

Machine reading comprehension has been an interesting and challenging task in recent years, with the purpose of extracting useful information from texts. To attain the computer ability to understand the reading text and answer relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Son T. Luu , Khoi Trong Hoang , Tuong Quang Pham , Kiet Van Nguyen , Ngan Luu-Thuy Nguyen

Open-domain Question Answering (ODQA) has achieved significant results in terms of supervised learning manner. However, data annotation cannot also be irresistible for its huge demand in an open domain. Though unsupervised QA or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Pengfei Zhu , Xiaoguang Li , Jian Li , Hai Zhao

Multi-modal large language models(MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress and demonstrated powerful knowledge comprehension and reasoning abilities. However, the mastery of domain-specific knowledge, which is essential for evaluating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Zheqi He , Xinya Wu , Pengfei Zhou , Richeng Xuan , Guang Liu , Xi Yang , Qiannan Zhu , Hua Huang

Community Question Answering (CQA) becomes increasingly prevalent in recent years. However, there are a large number of answers, which is difficult for users to select the relevant answers. Therefore, answer selection is a very significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Xinghang Hu

We present Pre-trained Machine Reader (PMR), a novel method for retrofitting pre-trained masked language models (MLMs) to pre-trained machine reading comprehension (MRC) models without acquiring labeled data. PMR can resolve the discrepancy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Weiwen Xu , Xin Li , Wenxuan Zhang , Meng Zhou , Wai Lam , Luo Si , Lidong Bing

In the real world, knowledge often exists in a multimodal and heterogeneous form. Addressing the task of question answering with hybrid data types, including text, tables, and images, is a challenging task (MMHQA). Recently, with the rise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Weihao Liu , Fangyu Lei , Tongxu Luo , Jiahe Lei , Shizhu He , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Continual Visual Question Answering (CVQA) based on pre-trained models(PTMs) has achieved promising progress by leveraging prompt tuning to enable continual multi-modal learning. However, most existing methods adopt cross-modal prompt…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Xu Li , Fan Lyu