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Nowadays, due to the growing phenomenon of forgery in many fields, the interest in developing new anti-counterfeiting device and cryptography keys, based on the Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) paradigm, is widely increased. PUFs are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Giuseppe Emanuele Lio , Mauro Daniel Luigi Bruno , Francesco Riboli , Sara Nocentini , Antonio Ferraro

During the last years, Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have become a very important research area in the field of hardware security due to their capability of generating volatile secret keys as well as providing a low-cost…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-15 M. Garcia-Bosque , G. Díez-Señorans , C. Sánchez-Azqueta , S. Celma

We propose a theoretical framework to quantitatively describe Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs), including extensions to quantum protocols, so-called Quantum Readout PUFs (QR-PUFs). (QR-) PUFs are physical systems with challenge-response…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-08 Giulio Gianfelici , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

The lack of stability is one of the major limitations that constrains PUF from being put in widespread practical use. In this paper, we propose a weak PUF and a strong PUF that are both completely stable with 0% intra-distance. These PUFs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-01-23 Wei-Che Wang , Yair Yona , Suhas Diggavi , Puneet Gupta

Mobile and embedded devices are becoming inevitable parts of our daily routine. Similar to other electronic devices such as read access memory (RAM) and storage, mobile devices require to authenticate and to be authenticated in a secure…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Alireza Shamsoshoara

Secret Unknown Ciphers (SUC) have been proposed recently as digital clone-resistant functions overcoming some of Physical(ly) Unclonable Functions (PUF) downsides, mainly their inconsistency because of PUFs analog nature. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Ayoub Mars , Hussam Ghandour , Wael Adi

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) exploit variations in the manufacturing process to derive bit sequences from integrated circuits, which can be used as secure cryptographic keys. Instead of storing the keys in an insecure, non-volatile…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-11 Sven Müelich , Sven Puchinger , Martin Bossert

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs), physical objects that are practically unclonable because of their andom and uncontrollable manufacturing variations, are becoming increasingly popular as security primitives and unique identifiers in a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-26 E. Marakis , U. Rührmair , M. Lachner , R. Uppu , B. Škorić , P. W. H. Pinkse

It is shown that a class of optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) can be learned to arbitrary precision with arbitrarily high probability, even in the presence of noise, given access to polynomially many challenge-response pairs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Apollo Albright , Boris Gelfand , Michael Dixon

The XOR Arbiter PUF was introduced as a strong PUF in 2007 and was broken in 2015 by a Machine Learning (ML) attack, which allows the underlying Arbiter PUFs to be modeled individually by exploiting reliability information of the measured…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Niloufar Sayadi , Phuong Ha Nguyen , Marten van Dijk , Chenglu Jin

Lightweight authentication is essential for resource-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT). Implementable with low resource and operable with low power, Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have the potential as hardware primitives for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yu Zhuang , Gaoxiang Li

In many Industry Internet of Things (IIoT) applications, resources like CPU, memory, and battery power are limited and cannot afford the classic cryptographic security solutions. Silicon Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is a lightweight…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Jiliang Zhang , Gang Qu

The current chapter aims at establishing a relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and hardware security. Such a connection between AI and software security has been confirmed and well-reviewed in the relevant literature. The main…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Fatemeh Ganji , Shahin Tajik

Hardware-based security primitives have become critical to enhancing information security in the Internet of Things (IoT) era. Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) utilize the inherent variations in the manufacturing process to generate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Min Wang , Chuanpeng Jiang , Zhaohao Wang , Zhengyi Hou , Zhongkui Zhang , Yuanfu Zhao , Hongxi Liu , Weisheng Zhao

In order to protect devices from physical manipulations, protective security enclosures were developed. However, these battery-backed solutions come with a reduced lifetime, and have to be actively and continuously monitored. In order to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Kathrin Garb , Marvin Xhemrishi , Ludwig Kürzinger , Christoph Frisch

Physical Unclonable Functions evaluate manufacturing variations to generate secure cryptographic keys for embedded systems without secure key storage. It is explained how methods from coding theory are applied in order to ensure reliable…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-01-28 Sven Puchinger , Sven Müelich , Martin Bossert , Matthias Hiller , Georg Sigl

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are circuits designed to extract physical randomness from the underlying circuit. This randomness depends on the manufacturing process. It differs for each device enabling chip-level authentication and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Yunxi Guo , Timothy Dee , Akhilesh Tyagi

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are gaining attention in the cryptography community because of the ability to efficiently harness the intrinsic variability in the manufacturing process. However, this means that they are noisy devices…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Xinhui Lai , Maksim Jenihhin , Georgios Selimis , Sven Goossens , Roel Maes , Kolin Paul

The omnipresent digitalization trend has enabled a number of related malicious activities, ranging from data theft to disruption of businesses, counterfeiting of devices, and identity fraud, among others. Hence, it is essential to implement…

Counterfeit products pose significant risks to public health and safety through infiltrating untrusted supply chains. Among numerous anti-counterfeiting techniques, leveraging inherent, unclonable microscopic irregularities of paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Anirudh Nakra , Nayeeb Rashid , Chau-Wai Wong , Min Wu