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Reinforcement learning has been widely adopted to model dialogue managers in task-oriented dialogues. However, the user simulator provided by state-of-the-art dialogue frameworks are only rough approximations of human behaviour. The ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Thibault Cordier , Tanguy Urvoy , Fabrice Lefevre , Lina M. Rojas-Barahona

Existing benchmarks for conversational AI agents simulate single-control environments, where only the AI agent can use tools to interact with the world, while the user remains a passive information provider. This differs from real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Victor Barres , Honghua Dong , Soham Ray , Xujie Si , Karthik Narasimhan

Testing conversational AI systems at scale across diverse domains necessitates realistic and diverse user interactions capturing a wide array of behavioral patterns. We present a novel multi-agent framework for realistic, explainable human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Hareeshwar Karthikeyan

User Simulators play a pivotal role in training and evaluating task-oriented dialogue systems. Traditional user simulators typically rely on human-engineered agendas, resulting in generated responses that often lack diversity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xiang Luo , Zhiwen Tang , Jin Wang , Xuejie Zhang

Scarcity of training data for task-oriented dialogue systems is a well known problem that is usually tackled with costly and time-consuming manual data annotation. An alternative solution is to rely on automatic text generation which,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Stéphane d'Ascoli , Alice Coucke , Francesco Caltagirone , Alexandre Caulier , Marc Lelarge

Most prior work in dialogue modeling has been on written conversations mostly because of existing data sets. However, written dialogues are not sufficient to fully capture the nature of spoken conversations as well as the potential speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Seokhwan Kim , Yang Liu , Di Jin , Alexandros Papangelis , Karthik Gopalakrishnan , Behnam Hedayatnia , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

Task-oriented dialogue systems aim to fulfill user goals through natural language interactions. They are ideally evaluated with human users, which however is unattainable to do at every iteration of the development phase. Simulated users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Nurul Lubis , Christian Geishauser , Hsien-Chin Lin , Carel van Niekerk , Michael Heck , Shutong Feng , Milica Gašić

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective approach to learn an optimal dialog policy for task-oriented visual dialog systems. A common practice is to apply RL on a neural sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) framework with the action space…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Mingyang Zhou , Josh Arnold , Zhou Yu

Dialogue assistants are rapidly becoming an indispensable daily aid. To avoid the significant effort needed to hand-craft the required dialogue flow, the Dialogue Management (DM) module can be cast as a continuous Markov Decision Process…

Task-oriented dialogue systems have been plagued by the difficulties of obtaining large-scale and high-quality annotated conversations. Furthermore, most of the publicly available datasets only include written conversations, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Xin Tian , Xinxian Huang , Dongfeng He , Yingzhan Lin , Siqi Bao , Huang He , Liankai Huang , Qiang Ju , Xiyuan Zhang , Jian Xie , Shuqi Sun , Fan Wang , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Functionality and dialogue experience are two important factors of task-oriented dialogue systems. Conventional approaches with closed schema (e.g., conversational semantic parsing) often fail as both the functionality and dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Raphael Shu , Elman Mansimov , Tamer Alkhouli , Nikolaos Pappas , Salvatore Romeo , Arshit Gupta , Saab Mansour , Yi Zhang , Dan Roth

Classic pipeline models for task-oriented dialogue system require explicit modeling the dialogue states and hand-crafted action spaces to query a domain-specific knowledge base. Conversely, sequence-to-sequence models learn to map dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Haoyang Wen , Yijia Liu , Wanxiang Che , Libo Qin , Ting Liu

Neural network models are capable of generating extremely natural sounding conversational interactions. Nevertheless, these models have yet to demonstrate that they can incorporate content in the form of factual information or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Marjan Ghazvininejad , Chris Brockett , Ming-Wei Chang , Bill Dolan , Jianfeng Gao , Wen-tau Yih , Michel Galley

User simulation is a promising approach for automatically training and evaluating conversational information access agents, enabling the generation of synthetic dialogues and facilitating reproducible experiments at scale. However, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Nolwenn Bernard , Krisztian Balog

This paper introduces a simple yet effective data-centric approach for the task of improving persona-conditioned dialogue agents. Prior model-centric approaches unquestioningly depend on the raw crowdsourced benchmark datasets such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Minju Kim , Beong-woo Kwak , Youngwook Kim , Hong-in Lee , Seung-won Hwang , Jinyoung Yeo

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) system is designed to accomplish user-defined tasks through dialogues. The TOD system has progressed towards end-to-end modeling by leveraging pre-trained large language models. Fine-tuning the pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Dharmendra Prajapat , Durga Toshniwal

The emergence of instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) has advanced the field of dialogue systems, enabling both realistic user simulations and robust multi-turn conversational agents. However, existing research often evaluates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Chalamalasetti Kranti , Sherzod Hakimov , David Schlangen

Recently, open-domain dialogue systems have attracted growing attention. Most of them use the sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) architecture to generate responses. However, traditional Seq2Seq-based open-domain dialogue models tend to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Heng-Da Xu , Xian-Ling Mao , Zewen Chi , Jing-Jing Zhu , Fanshu Sun , Heyan Huang

Previous dialogue summarization datasets mainly focus on open-domain chitchat dialogues, while summarization datasets for the broadly used task-oriented dialogue haven't been explored yet. Automatically summarizing such task-oriented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Lulu Zhao , Fujia Zheng , Keqing He , Weihao Zeng , Yuejie Lei , Huixing Jiang , Wei Wu , Weiran Xu , Jun Guo , Fanyu Meng

Most research on task oriented dialog modeling is based on written text input. However, users interact with practical dialog systems often using speech as input. Typically, systems convert speech into text using an Automatic Speech…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Hagen Soltau , Izhak Shafran , Mingqiu Wang , Abhinav Rastogi , Jeffrey Zhao , Ye Jia , Wei Han , Yuan Cao , Aramys Miranda