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In this paper, we introduce the third party to achieve the Stackelberg equilibrium with the time inconsistency in three different Stackelberg games, which are the discrete-time games, the dynamic games, and the mean field games. Here all…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-29 Yiming Jiang , Yawei Wei , Jie Xue

We prove that in a normal form n-player game with m actions for each player, there exists an approximate Nash equilibrium where each player randomizes uniformly among a set of O(log(m) + log(n)) pure strategies. This result induces an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-07-19 Yakov Babichenko , Ron Peretz

Stackelberg equilibria have become increasingly important as a solution concept in computational game theory, largely inspired by practical problems such as security settings. In practice, however, there is typically uncertainty regarding…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-23 Christian Kroer , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

In Stackelberg v/s Stackelberg games a collection of leaders compete in a Nash game constrained by the equilibrium conditions of another Nash game amongst the followers. The resulting equilibrium problems are plagued by the nonuniqueness of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-18 Ankur A. Kulkarni , Uday V. Shanbhag

We introduce a reinforcement learning framework for economic design where the interaction between the environment designer and the participants is modeled as a Stackelberg game. In this game, the designer (leader) sets up the rules of the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Gianluca Brero , Alon Eden , Darshan Chakrabarti , Matthias Gerstgrasser , Amy Greenwald , Vincent Li , David C. Parkes

In the literature on game-theoretic equilibrium finding, focus has mainly been on solving a single game in isolation. In practice, however, strategic interactions -- ranging from routing problems to online advertising auctions -- evolve…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Keegan Harris , Ioannis Anagnostides , Gabriele Farina , Mikhail Khodak , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Tuomas Sandholm

We study policy optimization in Stackelberg mean field games (MFGs), a hierarchical framework for modeling the strategic interaction between a single leader and an infinitely large population of homogeneous followers. The objective can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sihan Zeng , Benjamin Patrick Evans , Sujay Bhatt , Leo Ardon , Sumitra Ganesh , Alec Koppel

Stackelberg prediction games (SPGs) model strategic data manipulation in adversarial learning via a leader--follower interaction between a learner and a self-interested data provider, leading to challenging bilevel optimization problems.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-06 Tong Wei , Yangjie Xu , Xinlin Wang , Pin-Han Ho , Bhavani Shankar M. R. , Radu State , Björn Ottersten

This paper proposes a multiscale method for solving the numerical solution of mean field games which accelerates the convergence and addresses the problem of determining the initial guess. Starting from an approximate solution at the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-01-11 Haoya Li , Yuwei Fan , Lexing Ying

We study payoff manipulation in repeated multi-objective Stackelberg games, where a leader may strategically influence a follower's deterministic best response, e.g., by offering a share of their own payoff. We assume that the follower's…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Phurinut Srisawad , Juergen Branke , Long Tran-Thanh

In this paper, we are concerned with the stabilizatbility of Stackelberg game-based systems. In particular, two players are involved in the system where one is the follower to minimize the related cost function and the other is the leader…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-04 Yue Sun , Juanjuan Xu , Huanshui Zhang

We consider a repeated sequential game between a learner, who plays first, and an opponent who responds to the chosen action. We seek to design strategies for the learner to successfully interact with the opponent. While most previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Ilija Bogunovic , Maryam Kamgarpour , Andreas Krause

We study the computational complexity of computing or approximating a quasi-proper equilibrium for a given finite extensive form game of perfect recall. We show that the task of computing a symbolic quasi-proper equilibrium is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Kristoffer Arnsfelt Hansen , Troels Bjerre Lund

We study how to learn $\epsilon$-optimal strategies in zero-sum imperfect information games (IIG) with trajectory feedback. In this setting, players update their policies sequentially based on their observations over a fixed number of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Côme Fiegel , Pierre Ménard , Tadashi Kozuno , Rémi Munos , Vianney Perchet , Michal Valko

This paper characterizes optimal classification when individuals adjust their behavior in response to the classification rule. We model the interaction between a designer and a population as a Stackelberg game: the designer selects a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Elizabeth Maggie Penn , John W. Patty

This paper considers the problem of how to allocate power among competing users sharing a frequency-selective interference channel. We model the interaction between selfish users as a non-cooperative game. As opposed to the existing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2008-12-16 Yi Su , Mihaela van der Schaar

Formulating cyber-security problems with attackers and defenders as a partially observable stochastic game has become a trend recently. Among them, the one-sided two-player zero-sum partially observable stochastic game (OTZ-POSG) has…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-20 Wei Zheng , Taeho Jung , Hai Lin

Prior work has studied the computational complexity of computing optimal strategies to commit to in Stackelberg or leadership games, where a leader commits to a strategy which is observed by one or more followers. We extend this setting to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Nathaniel Sauerberg , Caspar Oesterheld

Hierarchical decision making problems, such as bilevel programs and Stackelberg games, are attracting increasing interest in both the engineering and machine learning communities. Yet, existing solution methods lack either convergence…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-29 Panagiotis D. Grontas , Giuseppe Belgioioso , Carlo Cenedese , Marta Fochesato , John Lygeros , Florian Dörfler

In this work, we use a Stackelberg infinite discrete-time dynamic game model to study the optimal supply schedule and the optimal demand response under a market-driven dynamic price. A two-layer optimization framework is established. At the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-19 Yunhan Huang