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The main goal of this paper is to study how often cookie banners that comply with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) contain aesthetic manipulation, a design tactic to draw users' attention to the button that permits personal…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Riley Grossman , Michael Smith , Cristian Borcea , Yi Chen

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires an organisation that suffers a data breach to notify the competent Data Protection Authority. The organisation must also inform the relevant individuals, when a data breach threatens…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius , Hadi Asghari , Noël Bangma , Jaap-Henk Hoepman

The rise of cookie paywalls ('pay-or-ok' models) has prompted growing debates around the right to privacy and data protection, monetisation, and the legitimacy of user consent. Despite their increasing use across sectors, limited research…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Victor Morel , Farzaneh Karegar , Cristiana Santos

The paper discusses the legal requirements and implications of the processing of information and personal data for advertising purposes, particularly in the light of the "Planet49" decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Marius Köppel , Jan-Philipp Muttach , Gerrit Hornung

Since the introduction of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), software developers increasingly have to make privacy-related decisions during system design and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Stefan Albert Horstmann , Sandy Hong , Maziar Niazian , Cristiana Santos , Alena Naiakshina

This paper initiates the study of the testable implications of choice data in settings where agents have privacy preferences. We adapt the standard conceptualization of consumer choice theory to a situation where the consumer is aware of,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-01-03 Rachel Cummings , Federico Echenique , Adam Wierman

Consent Management Providers (CMPs) provide consent pop-ups that are embedded in ever more websites over time to enable streamlined compliance with the legal requirements for consent mandated by the ePrivacy Directive and the General Data…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Cristiana Santos , Midas Nouwens , Michael Toth , Nataliia Bielova , Vincent Roca

Social media have become a rich source of data, particularly in health research. Yet, the use of such data raises significant ethical questions about the need for the informed consent of those being studied. Consent mechanisms, if even…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Chris Norval , Tristan Henderson

Personal data has emerged as a highly valuable yet sensitive asset that drives business decisions, enables targeted advertising, and generates substantial revenue for companies, while simultaneously facilitating invasive monitoring of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shantanu Sharma , Ethan Myers , Lorenzo De Carli , Ritwik Banerjee , Indrakshi Ray

The web is global, but privacy laws differ by country. Which set of privacy rules do websites follow? We empirically study this question by detecting and analyzing cookie notices in an automated way. We crawl 1,500 European, American, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Rob van Eijk , Hadi Asghari , Philipp Winter , Arvind Narayanan

Cookie banners are devices implemented by websites to allow users to manage their privacy settings with respect to the use of cookies. They are part of a user's daily web browsing experience since legislation in Europe requires websites to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Georgios Kampanos , Siamak F. Shahandashti

Advances in service personalization are driven by low-cost data collection and processing, in addition to the wide variety of third-party frameworks for authentication, storage, and marketing. New privacy regulations, such as the General…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Marco Robol , Travis D. Breaux , Elda Paja , Paolo Giorgini

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) grants European users the right to access their data processed and stored by organizations. Although the GDPR contains requirements for data processing organizations (e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Daniela Pöhn , Nils Gruschka

The enactment of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2018 forced any organization that collects and/or processes EU-based personal data to comply with stringent privacy regulations. Software organizations have struggled to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Ze Shi Li , Colin Werner , Neil Ernst , Daniela Damian

This PhD thesis discusses how European law could improve privacy protection in the area of behavioural targeting. Behavioural targeting, also referred to as online profiling, involves monitoring people's online behaviour, and using the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Frederik Johannes Zuiderveen Borgesius

Privacy preference signals allow users to express preferences over how their personal data is processed. These signals become important in determining privacy outcomes when they reference an enforceable legal basis, as is the case with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Maximilian Hils , Daniel W. Woods , Rainer Böhme

Making sure that users understand privacy policies that impact them is a key challenge for a real GDPR deployment. Research studies are mostly carried in English, but in Europe and elsewhere, users speak a language that is not English.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Francesco Ciclosi , Silvia Vidor , Fabio Massacci

Online services are required to gain informed consent from users to collect, store and analyse their personal data, both intentionally divulged and derived during their use of the service. There are many issues with these forms: they are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Paul van Schaik , Karen Renaud

We examine machine learning models in a setup where individuals have the choice to share optional personal information with a decision-making system, as seen in modern insurance pricing models. Some users consent to their data being used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Tobias Leemann , Martin Pawelczyk , Christian Thomas Eberle , Gjergji Kasneci

In recent years, the influence of cognitive effects and biases on users' thinking, behaving, and decision-making has garnered increasing attention in the field of interactive information retrieval. The decoy effect, one of the main…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Nuo Chen , Jiqun Liu , Tetsuya Sakai , Xiao-Ming Wu