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We need to rethink our approach to defend privacy on the internet. Currently, policymakers focus heavily on the idea of informed consent as a means to defend privacy. For instance, in many countries the law requires firms to obtain an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Despite stringent data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and other country-specific regulations, many websites continue to use cookies to track user…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Nivedita Singh , Yejin Do , Yongsang Yu. Imane Fouad , Jungrae Kim , Hyoungshick Kim

A website browser cookie is a small file created by a web server upon visitation, which is placed in the user's browser directory to enhance the user's experience. However, first and third-party cookies have become a significant threat to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Matthew Wheeler , Suleiman Saka , Sanchari Das

As a result of the GDPR and the ePrivacy Directive, European users encounter cookie banners on almost every website. Many of such banners are implemented by Consent Management Providers (CMPs), who respect the IAB Europe's Transparency and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Célestin Matte , Nataliia Bielova , Cristiana Santos

Online tracking remains problematic, with compliance and ethical issues persisting despite regulatory efforts. Consent interfaces, the visible manifestation of this industry, have seen significant attention over the years. We present robust…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Midas Nouwens , Janus Bager Kristensen , Kristjan Maalt , Rolf Bagge

The recent European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other data protection regulations restrict the processing of some categories of personal data (health, political orientation, sexual preferences, religious beliefs, ethnic…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Ángel Cuevas , José González Cabañas , Aritz Arrate , Rubén Cuevas

Web users are increasingly presented with multiple login options, including password-based login and common web single sign-on (SSO) login options such as "Login with Google" and "Login with Facebook". There has been little focus in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Srivathsan G. Morkonda , Sonia Chiasson , Paul C. van Oorschot

In the EU, the General Data Protection Regulation and the ePrivacy Directive mandate consent for the use of personal data for the purpose of behavioural advertising and tracking technologies. However, the ubiquity of consent banners has led…

Online services provide users with cookie banners to accept/reject the cookies placed on their web browsers. Despite the increased adoption of cookie banners, little has been done to ensure that cookie consent is compliant with privacy laws…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Brian Tang , Duc Bui , Kang G. Shin

Cookie paywalls allow visitors to access the content of a website only after making a choice between paying a fee (paying option) or accepting tracking (cookie option). The practice has been studied in previous research in regard to its…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Andreas Stenwreth , Simon Täng , Victor Morel

This paper introduces the strategic approach to regulating personal data and the normative foundations of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation ('GDPR'). We explain the genesis of the GDPR, which is best understood as an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Chris Jay Hoofnagle , Bart van der Sloot , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Recent privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) have established legal requirements for obtaining user consent regarding the collection, use, and sharing of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Ying Li , Wenjun Qiu , Faysal Hossain Shezan , Kunlin Cai , Michelangelo van Dam , Lisa Austin , David Lie , Yuan Tian

Policymakers worldwide draft privacy laws that require trading-off between safeguarding consumer privacy and preventing economic loss to companies that use consumer data. However, little empirical knowledge exists as to how privacy laws…

General Economics · Economics 2021-10-20 Julia Schmitt , Klaus M. Miller , Bernd Skiera

Privacy regulations often necessitate a balance between safeguarding consumer privacy and preventing economic losses for firms that utilize consumer data. However, little empirical evidence exists on how such laws affect firm performance.…

General Economics · Economics 2024-11-19 Klaus M. Miller , Julia Schmitt , Bernd Skiera

The new information and communication technology providers collect increasing amounts of personal data, a lot of which is user generated. Unless use policies are privacy-friendly, this leaves users vulnerable to privacy risks such as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Jana Korunovska , Bernadette Kamleitner , Sarah Spiekermann

To comply with data protection regulations such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), websites widely deploy cookie consent banners to collect users' privacy preferences. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Nivedita Singh , Seyoung Jin , Hyoungshick Kim

In 2002, the European Union (EU) introduced the ePrivacy Directive to regulate the usage of online tracking technologies. Its aim is to make tracking mechanisms explicit while increasing privacy awareness in users. It mandates websites to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Martino Trevisan , Stefano Traverso , Hassan Metwalley , Marco Mellia

In response to the ePrivacy Directive and the consent requirements introduced by the GDPR, websites began deploying consent banners to obtain user permission for data collection and processing. However, due to shared third-party services…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Ali Rasaii , Ha Dao , Anja Feldmann , Mohammadmahdi Javid , Oliver Gasser , Devashish Gosain

There has been much discussion of the right to explanation in the EU General Data Protection Regulation, and its existence, merits, and disadvantages. Implementing a right to explanation that opens the black box of algorithmic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-22 Sandra Wachter , Brent Mittelstadt , Chris Russell

Obtaining meaningful and informed consent from users is essential for ensuring autonomy and control over one's data. Notice and consent, the standard for collecting consent, has been criticized. While other individualized solutions have…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Lin Kyi , Paul Gölz , Robin Berjon , Asia Biega