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Low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) is a surface science method that works primarily in the UHV environment. It provides information complementary to the other established techniques: it extends the limited view of scanning probe…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Jan Čechal , Pavel Procházka

The information content of atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images can often be reduced to a handful of parameters describing each atomic column, chief amongst which is the column position. Neural networks…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-02-22 Jingrui Wei , Ben Blaiszik , Aristana Scourtas , Dane Morgan , Paul M. Voyles

We analyze the quantum limit of sensitivity in four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM), which has emerged as a favored technique for imaging the structure of a wide variety of materials, including biological and…

Optics · Physics 2024-08-14 Christian Dwyer , David M. Paganin

Research in semiconductor physics has advanced to the study of two-dimensional (2D) materials where the surface controls electronic transport. A scanning probe microscope (SPM) is an ideal tool to image electronic motion in these devices by…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2017-02-01 Sagar Bhandari , Robert M. Westervelt

The exotic internal structure of polar topologies in multi-ferroic materials offers a rich landscape for materials science research. As the spatial scale of these entities are often sub-atomic in nature, aberration corrected transmission…

Atomic-resolution imaging with scanning transmission electron microscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing the nanoscale structure of materials, in particular features such as defects, local strains, and symmetry-breaking distortions.…

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) has become an essential tool for innovation in nanoscience, material science, and biology. Despite these instruments being widely used across both industry and academia, academics may hesitate to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-12-07 Patrick McBean , Zachary Milne , Arjun Kanthawar , Cameron O'Byrne , Khalid Hattar , Lewys Jones

Linear phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques compatible with high-throughput 4D-STEM acquisition are widely used to enhance phase contrast in weakly scattering and beam-sensitive materials. In these…

Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) performed in transmission electron microscopes is shown to directly render the photonic local density of states (LDOS) with unprecedented spatial resolution, currently below the nanometer. Two…

Materials Science · Physics 2012-11-13 F. J. Garcia de Abajo , M. Kociak

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) plays a critical role in modern materials science, enabling direct imaging of atomic structures and their evolution under external interferences. However, interpreting time-resolved STEM data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Hao Wang , Hongkui Zheng , Kai He , Abolfazl Razi

Thresholds for beam damage have been assessed for La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ and SrTiO$_3$ as a function of electron probe current and exposure time at 80 and 200 kV acceleration voltage. The materials were exposed to an intense electron…

Materials Science · Physics 2016-08-30 Magnus Nord , Per Erik Vullum , Ingrid Hallsteinsen , Thomas Tybell , Randi Holmestad

Nanoscale materials usually can trap light and strongly interact with it leading to many photonic device applications. The light-matter interactions are commonly probed by optical spectroscopy, which, however, have some limitations such as…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2022-08-24 Jinlong Du , Jin-hui Chen , Yuehui Li , Ruochen Shi , Mei Wu , Yun-Feng Xiao , Peng Gao

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) produces an image of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with the atoms in the sample, which emit secondary electrons that contain information about the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-09-08 Shahar Tsiper , Or Dicker , Idan Kaizerman , Zeev Zohar , Mordechai Segev , Yonina C. Eldar

Ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM) has found widespread applications in physics, chemistry, and materials science, enabling real-space imaging of dynamics on ultrafast timescales. Recent advances have pushed the temporal resolution of UEM…

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is probably one the most fascinating examination approach that has been used since more than two decades to detailed inspection of micro scale objects. Most of the scanning electron microscopes could…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-02-18 Wichai Shanklin

Differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) maps projected electric fields through the phase sensitivity of segmented low-angle detectors. Although typically applied to atomic-resolution…

Sample thickness is an important parameter in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, for interpreting image contrast and understanding the relationship between properties and microstructure. In this study, we introduce a method for…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-11-15 Pengfei Nan , Zhiyao Liang , Yue Zhang , Yangrui Liu , Dongsheng Song , Binghui Ge

Precession of a converged beam during acquisition of a 4D-STEM dataset improves strain, orientation, and phase mapping accuracy by averaging over continuous angles of illumination. Precession experiments usually rely on integrated systems,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-10-20 Stephanie M. Ribet , Rohan Dhall , Colin Ophus , Karen C. Bustillo

For many complex materials systems, low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) offers detailed insights into morphology and crystallography by naturally combining real-space and reciprocal-space information. Its unique strength, however, is that…

Recent advances in scanning transmission electron and scanning probe microscopies have opened exciting opportunities in probing the materials structural parameters and various functional properties in real space with angstrom-level…