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Large antenna arrays and millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies have been attracting growing attention as possible candidates to meet the high requirements of future 5G mobile networks. In view of the large path loss attenuation in these…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-02-06 Mattia Rebato , Laura Resteghini , Christian Mazzucco , Michele Zorzi

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems use directional beams to support high-rate data communications. Small misalignment between the transmit and receive beams (e.g., due to the mobility) can result in significant drop of the received signal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-02-13 Dalin Zhu , Junil Choi , Qian Cheng , Weimin Xiao , Robert W. Heath

In millimeter wave communications, beam training is an effective way to achieve beam alignment. Traditional beam training method allocates training resources equally to each beam in the pre-designed beam training codebook. The performance…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-10-25 Zihan Tang , Jun Wang , Jintao Wang , Jian Song

It is anticipated that much higher network capacity will be achieved by the fifth generation (5G) small cell networks incorporated with the millimeter wave (mmWave) technology. However, mmWave signals are more sensitive to blockages than…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-12-06 Jiaqi Chen , Xiaohu Ge , Qiang Ni

Beam management is central in the operation of dense 5G cellular networks. Focusing the energy radiated to mobile terminals (MTs) by increasing the number of beams per cell increases signal power and decreases interference, and has hence…

The hand blockage effect of the human hand around the user equipment (UE) is too considerable to be ignored in frequency range 2 (FR2). This adds another layer of complexity to the link budget design in FR2 for 5G networks, which already…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Subhyal Bin Iqbal , Salman Nadaf , Umur Karabulut , Philipp Schulz , Anna Prado , Gerhard P. Fettweis , Wolfgang Kellerer

At millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies, the higher cost and power consumption of hardware components in multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) systems do not allow beamforming entirely at the baseband with a separate radio frequency (RF)…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-27 Aryan Kaushik , John Thompson , Evangelos Vlachos

In our previous work [2], we introduced a hardware- and power-efficient architecture for hybrid digital-analog (HDA) multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) based on stacking identical basic modules. Each module consists of a small active multi-antenna…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Krishan Kumar Tiwari , Giuseppe Caire

This letter investigates the problem of providing gigabit wireless access with reliable communication in 5G millimeter-Wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks. In contrast to the classical network design based…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Trung Kien Vu , Mehdi Bennis , Merouane Debbah , Matti Latva-aho , Choong Seon Hong

Reconfigurable distributed antenna and reflecting surface (RDARS) is a new architecture for the sixth-generation (6G) millimeter wave (mmWave) communications. In RDARS-aided mmWave systems, the active and passive beamforming design and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-03 Chengwang Ji , Qing Xue , Haiquan Lu , Jintao Wang , Qiaoyan Peng , Shaodan Ma , Wei Zhang

In this paper, we investigate the beam training problem in the multi-user millimeter wave (mmWave) communication system, where multiple reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are deployed to improve the coverage and the achievable rate.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Yuan Xu , Chongwen Huang , Li Wei , Zhaohui Yang , Xiaoming Chen , Zhaoyang Zhang , Chau Yuen , Mérouane Debbah

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are emerging as key enablers of reliable industrial automation in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band, particularly in environments with frequent line-of-sight (LoS) blockage. While prior works have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-26 Hamed Radpour , Markus Hofer , Thomas Zemen

This paper analyzes Hybrid Beamforming (HBF) and Multi-User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU-MIMO) in millimeter wave (mmWave) 5th generation (5G) cellular networks considering the full protocol stack with TCP/IP traffic and MAC…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Felipe Gomez-Cuba , Tommaso Zugno , Junseok Kim , Michele Polese , Saewoong Bahk , Michele Zorzi

Beamforming technique realized by the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays has been widely used to compensate for the severe path loss in the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands. In 5G NR system, the beam sweeping and beam…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-07 Yongjun Ahn , Jinhong Kim , Seungnyun Kim , Kyuhong Shim , Jiyoung Kim , Sangtae Kim , Byonghyo Shim

Beam tracking is an essential functionality of millimeter wave (mmWave, 30-100 GHz) and sub-terahertz (sub-THz, 100-300 GHz) 5G/6G systems. It operates by performing antenna sweeping at both base station (BS) and user equipment (UE) sides…

In this paper, we study hierarchical codebook design for channel estimation in millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications with a hybrid precoding structure. Due to the limited saturation power of mmWave power amplifier (PA), we take the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-03-10 Zhenyu Xiao , Pengfei Xia , Xiang-Gen Xia

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication is a promising solution for coping with the ever-increasing mobile data traffic because of its large bandwidth. To enable a sufficient link margin, a large antenna array employing directional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Reza Ghanaatian , Vahid Jamali , Andreas Burg , Robert Schober

Initial access (IA) is the process by which user equipment (UE) establishes its first connection with a base station. In 5G systems, particularly at millimeter-wave frequencies, IA integrates beam management to support highly directional…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Sabrine Aroua , Christos Anastasios Bovolis , Bo Göransson , Anastasios Giovanidis , Mathieu Leconte , Apostolos Destounis

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands will play an important role in 5G wireless systems. The system performance can be assessed by using models from stochastic geometry that cater for the directivity in the desired signal transmissions as well as…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-01-25 Mattia Rebato , Jihong Park , Petar Popovski , Elisabeth De Carvalho , Michele Zorzi

Millimeter wave (mmWave) systems will likely employ large antenna arrays at both the transmitters and receivers. A natural application of antenna arrays is simultaneous transmission to multiple users, which requires multi-user precoding at…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Ahmed Alkhateeb , Robert W. Heath , Geert Leus