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Related papers: Structure retrieval from 4D-STEM: statistical anal…

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Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is an indispensable tool for atomic-resolution structural analysis for a wide range of materials. The conventional analysis of STEM images is an extensive hands-on process, which limits…

Here we show that compressive sensing allow 4-dimensional (4-D) STEM data to be obtained and accurately reconstructed with both high-speed and low fluence. The methodology needed to achieve these results compared to conventional 4-D…

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) has become the main stay for materials characterization on atomic level, with applications ranging from visualization of localized and extended defects to mapping order parameter fields. In…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-01-15 Xin Li , Ondrej Dyck , Sergei V. Kalinin , Stephen Jesse

The development of four-dimensional (4D) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) using fast detectors has opened-up new avenues for addressing some of long-standing challenges in electron imaging. One of these challenges is how to…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-01-19 Yu-Tsun Shao , Renliang Yuan , Haw-Wen Hsiao , Qun Yang , Yang Hu , Jian-Min Zuo

Automated experiments in 4D Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy are implemented for rapid discovery of local structures, symmetry-breaking distortions, and internal electric and magnetic fields in complex materials. Deep kernel…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-04-22 Kevin M. Roccapriore , Ondrej Dyck , Mark P. Oxley , Maxim Ziatdinov , Sergei V. Kalinin

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) is a powerful tool that allows for the simultaneous acquisition of spatial and diffraction information, driven by recent advancements in direct electron detector…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-10-23 Ujjval Bansal , Amit Sharma , Barbara Putz , Christoph Kirchlechner , Subin Lee

Properties of crystalline materials are closely linked to microstructure arising from the spatial arrangement, orientation, and phase of nanocrystals. Rapid characterization of crystalline microstructure can accelerate the identification of…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-02-16 Kwanghwi Je , Ellis R. Kennedy , Sungin Kim , Yao Yang , Erik H. Thiede

Four-dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (4D STEM) with data acquired using a defocused electron probe is a promising tool for characterising complex biological specimens and materials through a phase retrieval process…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-15 Amirafshar Moshtaghpour , Angus I. Kirkland

A suite of acquisition applications related to the 4D-STEM technique is presented as a software package written within the Digital Micrograph environment, which is a widely used software platform in worldwide electron microscopy…

State-of-the-art electron microscopes such as scanning electron microscopes (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM) have become increasingly sophisticated. However, the quality of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2023-03-31 I. Lobato , T. Friedrich , S. Van Aert

A new method for dark field imaging is introduced which uses scanned electron diffraction (or 4DSTEM - 4-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy) datasets as its input. Instead of working on simple summation of intensity, it…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-09-18 Ian MacLaren , Andrew T. Fraser , Matthew R. Lipsett , Colin Ophus

Three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED) has emerged as a powerful method for solving the structures of sub-micron-sized particles down to nanoparticles. However, it faces technical challenges when applied to beam-sensitive samples or…

High quality scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data acquisition and analysis has become increasingly important due to the commercial demand for investigating the properties of complex materials such as battery cathodes;…

Electron microscopy has shown to be a very powerful tool to map the chemical nature of samples at various scales down to atomic resolution. However, many samples can not be analyzed with an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio because of the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-02-28 Étienne Monier , Thomas Oberlin , Nathalie Brun , Marcel Tencé , Marta de Frutos , Nicolas Dobigeon

We introduce a denoising method for four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) that relies on processing local, scan position-independent electron event-sparse data stacks, called event-sparse stack denoising. This…

Medical Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Gregory Nordahl , Rebekka Klemmt , Espen Drath Bøjesen

Pixelated detectors in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) generate large volumes of data, often tens to hundreds of GB per scan. However, to make current advancements scalable and enable widespread adoption, it is essential to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-07-16 Arno Annys , Hoelen L. Lalandec Robert , Saleh Gholam , Joke Hadermann , Jo Verbeeck

The appearance of direct electron detectors marked a new era for electron diffraction. Their high sensitivity and low noise opens the possibility to extend electron diffraction from transmission electron microscopes (TEM) to lower energies…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Nikita Denisov , Andrey Orekhov , Johan Verbeeck

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has advanced rapidly in the last decade thanks to the ability to correct the major aberrations of the probe forming lens. Now atomic-sized beams are routine, even at accelerating voltages as…

All materials are made from atoms arranged either in repeating (crystalline) or in random (amorphous) structures. Diffraction measurements probe average distances between atoms and/or planes of atoms. A transmission electron microscope in…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-07-24 Andreas Werbrouck , Nikhila C. Paranamana , Xiaoqing He , Matthias J. Young

Linear phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques compatible with high-throughput 4D-STEM acquisition are widely used to enhance phase contrast in weakly scattering and beam-sensitive materials. In these…