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In the context of the longitudinally boost-invariant Bjorken flow with transverse expansion, we use three different numerical methods to analyze the emergence of attractor solutions in an ideal gas of massless particles exhibiting constant…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-12-21 Victor E. Ambrus , Sergiu Busuioc , Jan A. Fotakis , Kai Gallmeister , Carsten Greiner

So far a major source of uncertainty in the study of heavy-ion collisions arises from the early time dynamics which includes initial state and pre-equilibrium dynamics. The state-of-the-art framework, KoMPoST, employs non-equilibrium…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-05-22 Xiaojian Du , Sören Schlichting , Jie Zhu

In this proceedings contribution, we summarize recent findings concerning the presence of early- and late-time attractors in non-conformal kinetic theory. We study the effects of varying both the initial momentum-space anisotropy and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-12-05 Huda Alalawi , Michael Strickland

We investigate whether early and late time attractors for non-conformal kinetic theories exist by computing the time-evolution of a large set of moments of the one-particle distribution function. For this purpose we make use of a previously…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-07-14 Huda Alalawi , Michael Strickland

The hydrodynamic attractors paradigm aims to explain the applicability of hydrodynamics after a very short timescale in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC in terms of the emergence of universal behavior across different…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-08-25 Michal P. Heller , Clemens Werthmann

We exploit the concept of hydrodynamic attractors to establish a general relation between the initial state energy and the produced particle multiplicities in high-energy nuclear collisions. When combined with an ab initio model of energy…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-01-01 Giuliano Giacalone , Aleksas Mazeliauskas , Sören Schlichting

We use effective kinetic theory to study the pre-equilibrium dynamics in heavy-ion collisions. We describe the evolution of linearized energy perturbations on top of out-of-equilibrium background to the energy-momentum tensor at a time when…

The time evolution of the averaged energy momentum tensor as well as its variation with energy density are calculated in a far-from-equilibrium state of $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM theory undergoing a Bjorken expansion. The calculation is carried…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-06-07 Casey Cartwright , Matthias Kaminski , Marco Knipfer

We use principal component analysis to study the hydrodynamic attractor in Yang-Mills kinetic theory undergoing the Bjorken expansion with Color Glass Condensate initial conditions. The late time hydrodynamic attractor is characterized by a…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-08-31 Xiaojian Du , Michal P. Heller , Sören Schlichting , Viktor Svensson

Exact correspondence between Israel-Stewart theory and first-order causal and stable hydrodynamics is established for the boost-invariant massive case with zero baryon density and the same constant relaxation times used in the shear and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-08-19 Arpan Das , Wojciech Florkowski , Radoslaw Ryblewski

We investigate the attractor of spin density in relativistic spin hydrodynamics using Zubarev's non-equilibrium statistical operator formalism in the spin probe limit. We derive the (0+1)D Bjorken flow equations and the associated attractor…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-05-27 Qi Zhou , Duan She , Ben-Wei Zhang , Enke Wang

This PhD Thesis is devoted to the study of the emergence of attractors, universality and collectivity in ultra-relativistic collisions by means of relativistic kinetic theory. After an introduction about Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD),…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-02-10 Vincenzo Nugara

We consider causal higher order theories of relativistic viscous hydrodynamics in the limit of one-dimensional boost-invariant expansion and study the associated dynamical attractor. We obtain evolution equations for the inverse Reynolds…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2019-09-11 Sunil Jaiswal , Chandrodoy Chattopadhyay , Amaresh Jaiswal , Subrata Pal , Ulrich Heinz

The strong longitudinal expansion characteristic of heavy-ion collisions leads to universal attractor behavior of the resulting drop of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) already at very early times. Assuming approximate boost invariance and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2024-12-17 Xin An , Michał Spaliński

We obtain an exact correspondence between the dynamical equations in Israel-Stewart (IS) theory and first-order causal and stable (FOCS) hydrodynamics for a boost-invariant system with an ideal gas equation of state at finite baryon…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-01-20 Arpan Das , Wojciech Florkowski , Radoslaw Ryblewski

We show that the recently formulated causal and stable first-order hydrodynamics has the same dynamics as Israel-Stewart theory for boost-invariant, Bjorken expanding systems with a conformal equation of state and a regulating sector…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-06-03 Arpan Das , Wojciech Florkowski , Jorge Noronha , Radoslaw Ryblewski

The hydrodynamic attractor is a concept that describes universal equilibration behavior in which systems lose microscopic details before hydrodynamics becomes applicable. We propose a setup to observe hydrodynamic attractors in ultracold…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2025-06-18 Keisuke Fujii , Tilman Enss

We present an analytic solution of a simple set of equations that govern the expansion of boost-invariant plasmas of massless particles. These equations describe, approximately, the early time, collisionless regime, and the transition to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-06-30 Jean-Paul Blaizot , Li Yan

In this paper we apply hydrodynamics for systems with continuous broken symmetries to heavy ion collisions in the framework of (1+1) dimensional Bjorken model. The temperature profile with respect to proper time determined in that context…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-07 Y. Lallouet , D. Davesne , C. Pujol

I consider a simple set of equations that govern the expansion of boost-invariant plasmas of massless particles. These equations describe the transition from a collisionless regime at early time to hydrodynamics at late time. Their…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-09-26 Jean-Paul Blaizot