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We study the gravitational instability (GI) of small solids in a gas disk as a mechanism to form planetesimals. Dissipation from gas drag introduces secular GI, which proceeds even when standard GI criteria for a critical density or…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 Andrew N. Youdin

A large planet orbiting a star in a protoplanetary disk opens a density gap along its orbit due to the strong disk-planet interaction and migrates with the gap in the disk. It is expected that in the ideal case, a gap-opening planet…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-07-25 Kazuhiro D. Kanagawa , Hidekazu Tanaka , Ewa Szuszkiewicz

Transitional disks are protoplanetary disks with large and deep central holes in the gas, possibly carved by young planets. Dong, R., & Dawson, R. 2016, ApJ, 825, 7 simulated systems with multiple giant planets that were capable of carving…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-03-08 Rory Bowens , Andrew Shannon , Rebekah Dawson , Jiayin Dong

Giant planets have been discovered at large separations from the central star. Moreover, a striking number of young circumstellar disks have gas and/or dust gaps at large orbital separations, potentially driven by embedded planetary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-08 Hans Baehr , Zhaohuan Zhu , Chao-Chin Yang

The planet candidates discovered by the Kepler mission provide a rich sample to constrain the architectures and relative inclinations of planetary systems within approximately 0.5 AU of their host stars. We use the triple-transit systems…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 Anders Johansen , Melvyn B. Davies , Ross P. Church , Viktor Holmelin

The large number of observed exoplanets ($\gtrsim $ 700) provides important constraints on their origin as deduced from the mass-period diagram of planets. The most surprising features in the diagram are 1) the (apparent) pile up of gas…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 Yasuhiro Hasegawa , Ralph E. Pudritz

Advances in computing power and numerical methodologies over the past several decades sparked a prolific output of dynamical investigations of the late stages of terrestrial planet formation. Among other peculiar inner solar system…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-12 Matthew S. Clement , Rogerio Deienno , Andre Izidoro

Context: We studied numerically the formation of giant planet (GP) and brown dwarf (BD) embryos in gravitationally unstable protostellar disks and compared our findings with directly-imaged, wide-orbit (>= 50 AU) companions known to-date.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Eduard I. Vorobyov

The majority of discovered exoplanetary systems harbour a new class of planets, bodies typically several times more massive than Earth but orbiting their host stars well inside the orbit of Mercury. The origin of these close-in super-Earths…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-11-15 Niraj K. Inamdar , Hilke E. Schlichting

We perform non-linear simulation of secular gravitational instability (GI) in protoplanetary disks that has been proposed as a mechanism of the planetesimal formation and the multiple ring formation. Since the timescale of the growth of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-01-10 Ryosuke T. Tominaga , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka , Sanemichi Z. Takahashi

The formation of planets depends on the underlying protoplanetary disc structure, which influences both the accretion and migration rates of embedded planets. The disc itself evolves on time-scales of several Myr during which both…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-02-07 Bertram Bitsch , Michiel Lambrechts , Anders Johansen

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submilimeter Array (ALMA) recently revealed a set of nearly concentric gaps in the protoplanetary disk surrounding the young star HL Tau. If these are carved by forming gas giants, this provides the first set of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-06-21 Christopher Simbulan , Daniel Tamayo , Cristobal Petrovich , Hanno Rein , Norman Murray

The stellar mass dependence of the unbiased giant planet occurrence rate may be the best statistical tool to constrain the formation of such planets. This rate rises and falls as a function of stellar mass, peaking around stars of $\sim…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-04 Heather F Johnston , Olja Panic , Sabine Reffert , Beibei Liu , Xinghao Ma

Recent discoveries of strongly misaligned transiting exoplanets pose a challenge to the established planet formation theory which assumes planetary systems to form and evolve in isolation. However, the fact that the majority of stars…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2012-02-01 Ingo Thies , Pavel Kroupa , Simon P. Goodwin , Dimitris Stamatellos , Anthony P. Whitworth

During early phases of a protoplanetary disks's life, gravitational instabilities can produce significant mass transport, can dramatically alter disk structure, can mix and shock-process gas and solids, and may be instrumental in planet…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-02 Thomas Y. Steiman-Cameron , Richard H. Durisen , Aaron C. Boley , Scott Michael , Karna Desai , Caitlin R. McConnell

Nearly $15-20%$ of solar type stars contain one or more gas giant planet. According to the core-accretion scenario, the acquisition of their gaseous envelope must be preceded by the formation of super-critical cores with masses ten times or…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Beibei Liu , Xiaojia Zhang , Douglas N. C. Lin , Sverre J. Aarseth

Globular clusters host complex stellar populations whose chemical signatures suggest early (3 Myr - 1 Gyr) retention and reprocessing of stellar ejecta, yet direct evidence for intracluster gas is lacking. Here we present a unified…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-11-04 Alexey Bobrick , Melvyn B. Davies , Hagai B. Perets

Gaseous giant planet formation is thought to occur in the first few million years following stellar birth. Models predict that giant planet formation carves a deep gap in the dust component (shallower in the gas). Infrared observations of…

Planet formation occurs over a few Myr within protoplanetary discs of dust and gas, which are often assumed to evolve in isolation. However, extended gaseous structures have been uncovered around many protoplanetary discs, suggestive of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-08-09 Andrew J. Winter , Myriam Benisty , Sean M. Andrews

In order to explain the main characteristics of the observed population of extrasolar planets and the giant planets in the Solar System, we need to get a clear understanding of which are the initial conditions that allowed their formation.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 Yamila Miguel , Octavio M. Guilera , Adrián Brunini