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Gravitational instabilities (GIs) are most likely a fundamental process during the early stages of protoplanetary disc formation. Recently, there have been detections of spiral features in young, embedded objects that appear consistent with…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2017-06-02 M. G. Evans , J. D. Ilee , T. W. Hartquist , P. Caselli , L. Szucs , S. J. D. Purser , A. C. Boley , R. H. Durisen , J. M. C. Rawlings

The formation of planetary cores must proceed rapidly in order for the giant planets to accrete their gaseous envelopes before the dissipation of the protoplanetary gas disc (<3 Myr). In orbits beyond 10 AU, direct accumulation of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-04-05 Michiel Lambrechts , Anders Johansen

In their early stages, protoplanetary discs are sufficiently massive to undergo gravitational instability (GI). This instability is thought to be involved in mass accretion, planet formation via gas fragmentation, the generation of spiral…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-30 A. Riols , W. Xu , G. Lesur , M. W. Kunz , H. Latter

Planetary migration is a major challenge for planet formation theories. The speed of Type I migration is proportional to the mass of a protoplanet, while the final decade of growth of a pebble-accreting planetary core takes place at a rate…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-02-27 Anders Johansen , Shigeru Ida , Ramon Brasser

Using radiation hydrodynamics simulations, we explore the evolution of circumplanetary disks around wide-orbit proto-gas giants. At large distances from the star (~100 AU), gravitational instability followed by disk fragmentation can form…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Megan Shabram , Aaron Boley

The origin of close-in Jovian planets is still elusive. We examine the in-situ gas accretion scenario as a formation mechanism of these planets. We reconstruct natal disk properties from the occurrence rate distribution of close-in giant…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-28 Yasuhiro Hasegawa , Tze Yeung Mathew Yu , Bradley M. S. Hansen

We present 230 realizations of a numerical model of planet formation in systems without gas giants. These represent a scenario in which protoplanets grow in a region of a circumstellar disk where water ice condenses (the "ice line''), but…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-19 Andrew W. Mann , Eric Gaidos , B. Scott Gaudi

Substantial orbital migration of massive planets may occur in most extrasolar planetary systems. Since migration is likely to occur after a significant fraction of the dust has been locked up into planetesimals, ubiquitous migration could…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Philip J. Armitage

When and how planets form in protoplanetary disks is still a topic of discussion. Exoplanet detection surveys and protoplanetary disk surveys are now providing results that allow us to have new insights. We collect the masses of confirmed…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-10-17 C. F. Manara , A. Morbidelli , T. Guillot

We investigate the gravitational instability (GI) of dust-ring structures and the formation of planetesimals by their gravitational collapse. The normalized dispersion relation of a self-gravitating ring structure includes two parameters…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-03-29 Sanemichi Z. Takahashi , Eiichiro Kokubo , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka

Frequency of detected giant planets is observed to increase rapidly with metallicity of the host star. This is usually interpreted as evidence in support of the Core Accretion (CA) theory, which assembles giant planets as a result of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Sergei Nayakshin

The majority of gas giants (planets of masses $\gtrsim10^2 M_\oplus$) are found to reside at distances beyond $\sim1$ au from their host stars. Within 1 au, the planetary population is dominated by super-Earths of $2-20 M_\oplus$. We show…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-06-13 Jeffrey Fung , Eve Lee

The occurrence rate of cold Jupiters was found to depend on stellar mass. The formation environment in the protoplanetary disks regulates core formation and the subsequent gas accretion. In this study, we simulate giant planet formation via…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-27 Sho Shibata , Ravit Helled

We propose that two of the most surprising results so far among exoplanet discoveries are related: the existences of both hot Jupiters and the high frequency of multi-planet systems with periods $P\lesssim200$~days. In this paradigm, the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-03 A. C. Boley , A. P. Granados Contreras , B. Gladman

Exoplanets observed by the {\it Kepler} telescope exhibit a bi-modal, radius distribution, which is known as the radius gap. We explore an origin of the radius gap, focusing on multi-planet systems. Our simple theoretical argument predicts…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-14 Udit Arora , Yasuhiro Hasegawa

The primary aim of this work is to examine the effect of parabolic stellar encounters on the evolution of a Jovian-mass giant planet forming within a protoplanetary disc. We consider the effect on both the mass accretion and the migration…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Moritz Fragner , Richard Nelson

Orbital evolution is a critical process that sculpts planetary systems, particularly during their early stages where planet-disk interactions are expected to lead to the formation of resonant chains. Despite the theoretically expected…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-08-06 Vighnesh Nagpal , Max Goldberg , Konstantin Batygin

Gas giant planets are far easier than terrestrial planets to detect around other stars, and are thought to form much more quickly than terrestrial planets. Thus, in systems with giant planets, the late stages of terrestrial planet formation…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Sean N. Raymond

To understand giant planet formation, we need to focus on host stars close to $1.7\ \rm M_{\odot}$, where the occurrence rate of these planets is the highest. In this initial study, we carry out pebble-driven core accretion planet formation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-30 Heather Johnston , Olja Panic , Beibei Liu

Compared to planets around Sun-like stars, relatively little is known about the occurrence rate and orbital properties of planets around stars more massive than 1.3 Msun. The apparent deficit of planets around massive stars is due to a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-10-17 John A. Johnson