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Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is an important solution concept in game theory which has been applied frequently to biological models. Informally an ESS is a strategy that if followed by the population cannot be taken over by a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-18 Sam Ganzfried

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and evolution strategies (ES) have been applied to various tasks, showing excellent performances. These have the opposite properties, with DRL having good sample efficiency and poor stability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Kyunghyun Lee , Byeong-Uk Lee , Ukcheol Shin , In So Kweon

Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have recently been integrated to take the advantage of the both methods for better exploration and exploitation.The evolutionary part in these hybrid methods maintains a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Yan Ma , Tianxing Liu , Bingsheng Wei , Yi Liu , Kang Xu , Wei Li

This paper introduces a multi-level (m-lev) mechanism into Evolution Strategies (ESs) in order to address a class of global optimization problems that could benefit from fine discretization of their decision variables. Such problems arise…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Ofer M. Shir , Xi Xing , Herschel Rabitz

Policy gradient reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have achieved impressive performance in challenging learning tasks such as continuous control, but suffer from high sample complexity. Experience replay is a commonly used approach to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-19 Saad Mohamad , Giovanni Montana

We propose an evolution strategies-based algorithm for estimating gradients in unrolled computation graphs, called ES-Single. Similarly to the recently-proposed Persistent Evolution Strategies (PES), ES-Single is unbiased, and overcomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Paul Vicol , Zico Kolter , Kevin Swersky

In recent years, Evolutionary Strategies were actively explored in robotic tasks for policy search as they provide a simpler alternative to reinforcement learning algorithms. However, this class of algorithms is often claimed to be…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Vladislav Kurenkov , Bulat Maksudov

In this paper, an evolutionary strategy (ES) method is introduced as an optimization approach to solve problems in the manufacturing area. The ES method is applied to a case study for milling operations. The results show that it can…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-01-08 Zhixin Yang

Evolutionary algorithms have been used in the digital art scene since the 1970s. A popular application of genetic algorithms is to optimize the procedural placement of vector graphic primitives to resemble a given painting. In recent years,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Yingtao Tian , David Ha

Improving competent robot policies with on-policy RL is often hampered by noisy, low-signal gradients. We revisit Evolution Strategies (ES) as a policy-gradient proxy and localize exploration with bounded, antithetic triangular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Ethan Hirschowitz , Fabio Ramos

This paper introduces an approach that integrates self-adaptive Evolution Strategies (ES) with Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance the explainability of complex optimization processes. By employing a self-adaptive ES equipped with a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Jill Baumann , Oliver Kramer

Efficient Natural Evolution Strategies (eNES) is a novel alternative to conventional evolutionary algorithms, using the natural gradient to adapt the mutation distribution. Unlike previous methods based on natural gradients, eNES uses a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-09-27 Yi Sun , Daan Wierstra , Tom Schaul , Juergen Schmidhuber

A key challenge in reinforcement learning (RL) is managing the exploration-exploitation trade-off without sacrificing sample efficiency. Policy gradient (PG) methods excel in exploitation through fine-grained, gradient-based optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Zelal Su "Lain" Mustafaoglu , Keshav Pingali , Risto Miikkulainen

Various variants of the well known Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) have been proposed recently, which improve the empirical performance of the original algorithm by structural modifications. However, in practice it…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Sander van Rijn , Hao Wang , Matthijs van Leeuwen , Thomas Bäck

Weight-perturbation evolution strategies (ES) can fine-tune billion-parameter language models with surprisingly small populations (e.g., $N\!\approx\!30$), contradicting classical zeroth-order curse-of-dimensionality intuition. We also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Qiyao Liang , Jinyeop Song , Yizhou Liu , Jeff Gore , Ila Fiete , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

In this paper we analyze the qualitative differences between evolutionary strategies and reinforcement learning algorithms by focusing on two popular state-of-the-art algorithms: the OpenAI-ES evolutionary strategy and the Proximal Policy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Nicola Milano , Stefano Nolfi

Portfolio optimization involves determining the optimal allocation of portfolio assets in order to maximize a given investment objective. Traditionally, some form of mean-variance optimization is used with the aim of maximizing returns…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Fernando Acero , Parisa Zehtabi , Nicolas Marchesotti , Michael Cashmore , Daniele Magazzeni , Manuela Veloso

Nonlinear equations systems (NESs) are widely used in real-world problems while they are also difficult to solve due to their characteristics of nonlinearity and multiple roots. Evolutionary algorithm (EA) is one of the methods for solving…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Aijuan Song , Guohua Wu , Witold Pedrycz

In this paper, we approach the problem of optimizing blackbox functions over large hybrid search spaces consisting of both combinatorial and continuous parameters. We demonstrate that previous evolutionary algorithms which rely on…

Evolution strategy (ES) is one of the promising classes of algorithms for black-box continuous optimization. Despite its broad successes in applications, theoretical analysis on the speed of its convergence is limited on convex quadratic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Daiki Morinaga , Kazuto Fukuchi , Jun Sakuma , Youhei Akimoto