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With the rapid development of quantum computers, several applications are being proposed for them. Quantum simulations, simulation of chemical reactions, solution of optimization problems and quantum neural networks (QNNs) are some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-02 Lucas Friedrich , Jonas Maziero

Evolution Strategies (ES) has recently emerged as a competitive alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) fine-tuning, offering advantages through simplicity, scalability, and inference-only training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kajetan Schweighofer , Conor F. Hayes , Roberto Dailey , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

Unrolled computation graphs arise in many scenarios, including training RNNs, tuning hyperparameters through unrolled optimization, and training learned optimizers. Current approaches to optimizing parameters in such computation graphs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Paul Vicol , Luke Metz , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

We propose a metalearning approach for learning gradient-based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. The idea is to evolve a differentiable loss function, such that an agent, which optimizes its policy to minimize this loss, will achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Rein Houthooft , Richard Y. Chen , Phillip Isola , Bradly C. Stadie , Filip Wolski , Jonathan Ho , Pieter Abbeel

Evolution strategies (ESs) are zeroth-order stochastic black-box optimization heuristics invariant to monotonic transformations of the objective function. They evolve a multivariate normal distribution, from which candidate solutions are…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-02-09 Youhei Akimoto , Anne Auger , Tobias Glasmachers , Daiki Morinaga

Evolution Strategies (ES) have recently been demonstrated to be a viable alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms on a set of challenging deep RL problems, including Atari games and MuJoCo humanoid locomotion benchmarks. While…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Patryk Chrabaszcz , Ilya Loshchilov , Frank Hutter

Evolution Strategies (ES) are effective gradient-free optimization methods that can be competitive with gradient-based approaches for policy search. ES only rely on the total episodic scores of solutions in their population, from which they…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Paul Templier , Luca Grillotti , Emmanuel Rachelson , Dennis G. Wilson , Antoine Cully

Many scientific and technological problems are related to optimization. Among them, black-box optimization in high-dimensional space is particularly challenging. Recent neural network-based black-box optimization studies have shown…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Changhwi Park

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful method for addressing complex control problems, particularly those involving underactuated robotic systems. However, in some cases, policies may require refinement to achieve…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Marco Calì , Alberto Sinigaglia , Niccolò Turcato , Ruggero Carli , Gian Antonio Susto

Natural evolutionary strategies (NES) are a family of gradient-free black-box optimization algorithms. This study illustrates their use for the optimization of randomly-initialized parametrized quantum circuits (PQCs) in the region of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-01 Abhinav Anand , Matthias Degroote , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

Natural Evolution Strategies (NES) is a promising framework for black-box continuous optimization problems. NES optimizes the parameters of a probability distribution based on the estimated natural gradient, and one of the key parameters…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Masahiro Nomura , Isao Ono

Alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) typically relies on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) with gradient-based optimizers such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) or Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). While…

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and Evolution Strategies (ESs) have surpassed human-level control in many sequential decision-making problems, yet many open challenges still exist. To get insights into the strengths and weaknesses of DRL…

Unrolled computation graphs are prevalent throughout machine learning but present challenges to automatic differentiation (AD) gradient estimation methods when their loss functions exhibit extreme local sensitivtiy, discontinuity, or…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Oscar Li , James Harrison , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Virginia Smith , Luke Metz

One of the biggest missing capabilities in current AI systems is the ability to learn continuously after deployment. Implementing such continually learning systems have several challenges, one of which is the large memory requirement of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Immanuel Abdi , Akshat Gupta , Micah Mok , Alexander Lu , Nicholas Lee , Gopala Anumanchipalli

Evolution Strategies (ES) are stochastic derivative-free optimization algorithms whose most prominent representative, the CMA-ES algorithm, is widely used to solve difficult numerical optimization problems. We provide the first rigorous…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Cheikh Touré , Anne Auger , Nikolaus Hansen

Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) have been successfully used for the optimization of neural networks for policy search, but they still remain sample inefficient and underperforming in some cases compared to gradient-based reinforcement learning…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Paul Templier , Emmanuel Rachelson , Antoine Cully , Dennis G. Wilson

Solving the Goal-Conditioned Reward Sparse (GCRS) task is a challenging reinforcement learning problem due to the sparsity of reward signals. In this work, we propose a new formulation of GCRS tasks from the perspective of the drifted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Hao Sun , Xinyu Pan , Bo Dai , Dahua Lin , Bolei Zhou

This paper presents Natural Evolution Strategies (NES), a recent family of algorithms that constitute a more principled approach to black-box optimization than established evolutionary algorithms. NES maintains a parameterized distribution…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2011-06-23 Daan Wierstra , Tom Schaul , Tobias Glasmachers , Yi Sun , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Discrete variational auto-encoders (VAEs) are able to represent semantic latent spaces in generative learning. In many real-life settings, the discrete latent space consists of high-dimensional structures, and propagating gradients through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Alon Berliner , Guy Rotman , Yossi Adi , Roi Reichart , Tamir Hazan