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CPU branch prediction has hit a wall--existing techniques achieve near-perfect accuracy on 99% of static branches, and yet the mispredictions that remain hide major performance gains. In a companion report, we show that a primary source of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Stephen J Tarsa , Chit-Kwan Lin , Gokce Keskin , Gautham Chinya , Hong Wang

Major chip manufacturers have all introduced Multithreaded processors. These processors are used for running a variety of workloads. Efficient resource utilization is an important design aspect in such processors. Depending on the workload,…

Performance · Computer Science 2019-09-20 Murthy Durbhakula

Conditional branch prediction predicts the likely direction of a conditional branch instruction to support ILP extraction. Branch prediction is a pattern recognition problem that learns mappings between a context to the branch outcome. An…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-19 FNU Vikas , Paul Gratz , Daniel Jiménez

Branch prediction is key to the performance of out-of-order processors. While the CBP-2016 winner TAGE-SC-L combines geometric-history tables, a statistical corrector, and a loop predictor, over half of its remaining mispredictions stem…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Emet Behrendt , Shing Wai Pun , Prashant J. Nair

Branch misprediction latency is one of the most important contributors to performance degradation and wasted energy consumption in a modern core. State-of-the-art predictors generally perform very well but occasionally suffer from high…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Ioannis Constantinou , Arthur Perais , Yiannakis Sazeides

Real-world graph applications are generally larger than the size of the cache itself. Due to this reason, the memory hierarchy was identified as a key bottleneck by the earlier works. Undoubtedly, the performance can be achieved by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Upasna , Venkata Kalyan Tavva

Modern processors rely heavily on speculation to keep the pipeline filled and consequently execute and commit instructions as close to maximum capacity as possible. To improve instruction-level parallelism, the processor core needs to fetch…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Ilias Vougioukas , Andreas Sandberg , Nikos Nikoleris

Branch predictor (BP) is an essential component in modern processors since high BP accuracy can improve performance and reduce energy by decreasing the number of instructions executed on wrong-path. However, reducing latency and storage…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Sparsh Mittal

Branch instructions dependent on hard-to-predict load data are the leading branch misprediction contributors. Current state-of-the-art history-based branch predictors have poor prediction accuracy for these branches. Prior research backs…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Akash Sridhar , Nursultan Kabylkas , Jose Renau

In order to overcome the branch execution penalties of hard-to-predict instruction branches, two new instruction fetch micro-architectural methods are proposed in this paper. In addition, to compare performance of the two proposed methods,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Aswin Ramachandran , Louis Johnson

Transient execution attacks that exploit speculation have raised significant concerns in computer systems. Typically, branch predictors are leveraged to trigger mis-speculation in transient execution attacks. In this work, we demonstrate a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Md Hafizul Islam Chowdhuryy , Fan Yao

Conditional branches pose a challenge for code optimisation, particularly in low latency settings. For better performance, processors leverage dedicated hardware to predict the outcome of a branch and execute the following instructions…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Paul Alexander Bilokon , Maximilian Lucuta , Erez Shermer

Branch prediction is a standard feature in most processors, significantly improving the run time of programs by allowing a processor to predict the direction of a branch before it has been evaluated. Current branch prediction methods can…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Adam Auten , Tanishq Dubey , Rohan Mathur

The direction of conditional branches is predicted correctly in modern processors with great accuracy. We find several instructions in the dynamic instruction stream that contribute only towards computing the condition of these…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Rajshekar Kalayappan , Sandeep Chandran

Branch prediction is an architectural feature that speeds up the execution of branch instruction on pipeline processors and reduces the cost of branching. Recent advancements of Deep Learning (DL) in the post Moore's Law era is accelerating…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Rinu Joseph

Load-Dependent Branches (LDB) often do not exhibit regular patterns in their local or global history and thus are inherently hard to predict correctly by conventional branch predictors. We propose a software-to-hardware branch…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Maziar Goudarzi , Reza Azimi , Julian Humecki , Faizaan Rehman , Richard Zhang , Chirag Sethi , Tanishq Bomman , Yuqi Yang

Branch mispredictions cause catastrophic performance penalties in modern processors, leading to performance loss. While hardware predictors and profile-guided techniques exist, data-dependent branches with irregular patterns remain…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yuze Li , Srinivasan Ramachandra Sharma , Charitha Saumya , Ali R. Butt , Kirshanthan Sundararajah

Branch prediction is arguably one of the most important speculative mechanisms within a high-performance processor architecture. A common approach to improve branch prediction accuracy is to employ lengthy history records of previously seen…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Anastasios Zouzias , Kleovoulos Kalaitzidis , Konstantin Berestizshevsky , Renzo Andri , Leeor Peled , Zhe Wang

Modern processors use branch prediction and speculative execution to maximize performance. For example, if the destination of a branch depends on a memory value that is in the process of being read, CPUs will try guess the destination and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Paul Kocher , Daniel Genkin , Daniel Gruss , Werner Haas , Mike Hamburg , Moritz Lipp , Stefan Mangard , Thomas Prescher , Michael Schwarz , Yuval Yarom

Despite decades of research, conditional branch mispredictions still pose a significant problem for performance. Moreover, limit studies on infinite size predictors show that many of the remaining branches are impossible to predict by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-06-01 Stephen Pruett , Yale Patt
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