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Large language model (LLM)-based evaluation pipelines have demonstrated their capability to robustly evaluate machine-generated text. Extending this methodology to assess human-written text could significantly benefit educational settings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Seungyoon Kim , Seungone Kim

Large language models (LLMs) offer a range of new possibilities, including adapting the text to different audiences and their reading needs. But how well do they adapt? We evaluate the readability of answers generated by four…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Donya Rooein , Amanda Cercas Curry , Dirk Hovy

Multilingual pre-trained models could leverage the training data from a rich source language (such as English) to improve performance on low resource languages. However, the transfer quality for multilingual Machine Reading Comprehension…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Fei Yuan , Linjun Shou , Xuanyu Bai , Ming Gong , Yaobo Liang , Nan Duan , Yan Fu , Daxin Jiang

Easy Read text is one of the main forms of access to information for people with reading difficulties. One of the key characteristics of this type of text is the requirement to split sentences into smaller grammatical segments, to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Jesús Calleja , Thierry Etchegoyhen , David Ponce

Spaced repetition systems are fundamental to efficient learning and memory retention, but existing algorithms often struggle with semantic interference and personalized adaptation. We present LECTOR (\textbf{L}LM-\textbf{E}nhanced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Jiahao Zhao

Contrastive learning has achieved remarkable success in representation learning via self-supervision in unsupervised settings. However, effectively adapting contrastive learning to supervised learning tasks remains as a challenge in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Qianben Chen , Richong Zhang , Yaowei Zheng , Yongyi Mao

Applications such as textual entailment, plagiarism detection or document clustering rely on the notion of semantic similarity, and are usually approached with dimension reduction techniques like LDA or with embedding-based neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-20 Ahmed Sabir , Francesc Moreno-Noguer , Lluís Padró

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made it increasingly difficult to distinguish human-written text from AI-generated content. Many existing detectors train supervised neural classifiers that achieve strong in-distribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Pingfan Su , Kai Ye , Shijin Gong , Erhan Xu , Jin Zhu , Giulia Livieri , Chengchun Shi

Researchers have traditionally recruited native speakers to provide annotations for widely used benchmark datasets. However, there are languages for which recruiting native speakers can be difficult, and it would help to find learners of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Haneul Yoo , Rifki Afina Putri , Changyoon Lee , Youngin Lee , So-Yeon Ahn , Dongyeop Kang , Alice Oh

We introduce the Speak & Improve Corpus 2025, a dataset of L2 learner English data with holistic scores and language error annotation, collected from open (spontaneous) speaking tests on the Speak & Improve learning platform. The aim of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Kate Knill , Diane Nicholls , Mark J. F. Gales , Mengjie Qian , Pawel Stroinski

Educational e-book platforms provide valuable information to teachers and researchers through two main sources: reading activity data and reading content data. While reading activity data is commonly used to analyze learning strategies and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Erwin Daniel López Zapata , Cheng Tang , Valdemar Švábenský , Fumiya Okubo , Atsushi Shimada

This work presents a method for visual text recognition without using any paired supervisory data. We formulate the text recognition task as one of aligning the conditional distribution of strings predicted from given text images, with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Ankush Gupta , Andrea Vedaldi , Andrew Zisserman

Robustness of huge Transformer-based models for natural language processing is an important issue due to their capabilities and wide adoption. One way to understand and improve robustness of these models is an exploration of an adversarial…

Understanding the text in legal documents can be challenging due to their complex structure and the inclusion of domain-specific jargon. Laws and regulations are often crafted in such a manner that engagement with them requires formal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Yu Han , Aaron Ceross , Jeroen H. M. Bergmann

Automatic readability assessment (ARA) is the task of evaluating the level of ease or difficulty of text documents for a target audience. For researchers, one of the many open problems in the field is to make such models trained for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Joseph Marvin Imperial

We present ReaderLM-v2, a compact 1.5 billion parameter language model designed for efficient web content extraction. Our model processes documents up to 512K tokens, transforming messy HTML into clean Markdown or JSON formats with high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Feng Wang , Zesheng Shi , Bo Wang , Nan Wang , Han Xiao

The rising popularity of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns about machine-generated text (MGT), particularly in academic settings, where issues like plagiarism and misinformation are prevalent. As a result, developing a highly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yule Liu , Zhiyuan Zhong , Yifan Liao , Zhen Sun , Jingyi Zheng , Jiaheng Wei , Qingyuan Gong , Fenghua Tong , Yang Chen , Yang Zhang , Xinlei He

Training learnable metrics using modern language models has recently emerged as a promising method for the automatic evaluation of machine translation. However, existing human evaluation datasets for text simplification have limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Mounica Maddela , Yao Dou , David Heineman , Wei Xu

Scientific writing is difficult. It is even harder for those for whom English is a second language (ESL learners). Scholars around the world spend a significant amount of time and resources proofreading their work before submitting it for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Victor Makarenkov , Lior Rokach , Bracha Shapira

Text alignment finds application in tasks such as citation recommendation and plagiarism detection. Existing alignment methods operate at a single, predefined level and cannot learn to align texts at, for example, sentence and document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Xuhui Zhou , Nikolaos Pappas , Noah A. Smith