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We develop a method to synthesize a class of entangling multi-qubit gates for a quantum computing platform with fixed Ising-type interaction with all-to-all connectivity. The only requirement on the flexibility of the interaction is that it…

The Clifford hierarchy is a set of gates that appears in the theory of fault-tolerant quantum computation, but its precise structure remains elusive. We give a complete characterization of the diagonal gates in the Clifford hierarchy for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-01 Shawn X. Cui , Daniel Gottesman , Anirudh Krishna

We provide evidence that commonly held intuitions when designing quantum circuits can be misleading. In particular we show that: a) reducing the T-count can increase the total depth; b) it may be beneficial to trade CNOTs for measurements…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-14 Alexandru Paler , Oumarou Oumarou , Robert Basmadjian

Classical simulation of noisy quantum circuits is essential for understanding quantum computing experiments. It enables scalable error characterization, analysis of how noise impacts quantum algorithms, and optimized implementations of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Ashe Miller , Corey Ostrove , Jordan Hines , Robin Blume-Kohout , Kevin Young , Timothy Proctor

Fault-tolerant quantum computing typically requires the transpilation of arbitrary quantum circuits into a finite, universal gate set, such as Clifford+T. As a baseline, Diagonal approximation can be used for synthesizing single-qubit Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Gilad Kishony , Avi Elazari , Ron Cohen , Lior Gazit

We give a general proof for the existence and realizability of Clifford gates in the Ising topological quantum computer. We show that all quantum gates that can be implemented by braiding of Ising anyons are Clifford gates. We find that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-03-17 Andre Ahlbrecht , Lachezar S. Georgiev , Reinhard F. Werner

We describe a fault-tolerant version of the one-way quantum computer using a cluster state in three spatial dimensions. Topologically protected quantum gates are realized by choosing appropriate boundary conditions on the cluster. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-24 Robert Raussendorf , Jim Harrington , Kovid Goyal

We investigate quantum circuits built from arbitrary single-qubit operations combined with programmable all-to-all multiqubit entangling gates that are native to, among other systems, trapped-ion quantum computing platforms. We report a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Jonathan Nemirovsky , Lee Peleg , Amit Ben Kish , Yotam Shapira

We study the problem of CNOT-optimal quantum circuit synthesis over gate sets consisting of CNOT and Z-basis rotations of arbitrary angles. We show that the circuit-polynomial correspondence relates such circuits to Fourier expansions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-29 Matthew Amy , Parsiad Azimzadeh , Michele Mosca

The goal of benchmarking is to determine how far the output of a noisy system is from its ideal behavior; this becomes exceedingly difficult for large quantum systems where classical simulations become intractable. A common approach is to…

In this paper, we study the close relationship between Reed-Muller codes and single-qubit phase gates from the perspective of $T$-count optimization. We prove that minimizing the number of $T$ gates in an $n$-qubit quantum circuit over CNOT…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-29 Matthew Amy , Michele Mosca

Recent years have enjoyed a strong interest in exploring properties and applications of random quantum circuits. In this work, we explore the ensemble of $t$-doped Clifford circuits on $n$ qubits, consisting of Clifford circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Lorenzo Leone , Salvatore F. E. Oliviero , Alioscia Hamma , Jens Eisert , Lennart Bittel

We develop and implement automated methods for optimizing quantum circuits of the size and type expected in quantum computations that outperform classical computers. We show how to handle continuous gate parameters and report a collection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-04 Yunseong Nam , Neil J. Ross , Yuan Su , Andrew M. Childs , Dmitri Maslov

We describe a scalable experimental protocol for obtaining estimates of the error rate of individual quantum computational gates. This protocol, in which random Clifford gates are interleaved between a gate of interest, provides a bounded…

The success probability of a quantum algorithm constructed from noisy quantum gates cannot be accurately predicted from single parameter metrics that compare noisy and ideal gates. We illustrate this concept by examining a system with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 Daniel C. Murphy , Kenneth R. Brown

Quantum circuits for basic mathematical functions such as the square root are required to implement scientific computing algorithms on quantum computers. Quantum circuits that are based on Clifford+T gates can easily be made fault tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-31 Edgard Muñoz-Coreas , Himanshu Thapliyal

Prevailing proposals for the first generation of quantum computers make use of 2-level systems, or qubits, as the fundamental unit of quantum information. However, recent innovations in quantum error correction and magic state distillation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-18 Luke E. Heyfron , Earl Campbell

Interconnecting clusters of qubits will be an essential element of scaling up future quantum computers. Operations between quantum processing units (QPUs) are usually significantly slower and costlier than those within a single QPU, so…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-09 Edwin Tham , Ilia Khait , Aharon Brodutch

We describe a concrete device roadmap towards a fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture based on noise-resilient, topologically protected Majorana-based qubits. Our roadmap encompasses four generations of devices: a single-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 David Aasen , Morteza Aghaee , Zulfi Alam , Mariusz Andrzejczuk , Andrey Antipov , Mikhail Astafev , Lukas Avilovas , Amin Barzegar , Bela Bauer , Jonathan Becker , Juan M. Bello-Rivas , Umesh Bhaskar , Alex Bocharov , Srini Boddapati , David Bohn , Jouri Bommer , Parsa Bonderson , Jan Borovsky , Leo Bourdet , Samuel Boutin , Tom Brown , Gary Campbell , Lucas Casparis , Srivatsa Chakravarthi , Rui Chao , Benjamin J. Chapman , Sohail Chatoor , Anna Wulff Christensen , Patrick Codd , William Cole , Paul Cooper , Fabiano Corsetti , Ajuan Cui , Wim van Dam , Tareq El Dandachi , Sahar Daraeizadeh , Adrian Dumitrascu , Andreas Ekefjärd , Saeed Fallahi , Luca Galletti , Geoff Gardner , Raghu Gatta , Haris Gavranovic , Michael Goulding , Deshan Govender , Flavio Griggio , Ruben Grigoryan , Sebastian Grijalva , Sergei Gronin , Jan Gukelberger , Jeongwan Haah , Marzie Hamdast , Esben Bork Hansen , Matthew Hastings , Sebastian Heedt , Samantha Ho , Justin Hogaboam , Laurens Holgaard , Kevin Van Hoogdalem , Jinnapat Indrapiromkul , Henrik Ingerslev , Lovro Ivancevic , Sarah Jablonski , Thomas Jensen , Jaspreet Jhoja , Jeffrey Jones , Kostya Kalashnikov , Ray Kallaher , Rachpon Kalra , Farhad Karimi , Torsten Karzig , Seth Kimes , Vadym Kliuchnikov , Maren Elisabeth Kloster , Christina Knapp , Derek Knee , Jonne Koski , Pasi Kostamo , Jamie Kuesel , Brad Lackey , Tom Laeven , Jeffrey Lai , Gijs de Lange , Thorvald Larsen , Jason Lee , Kyunghoon Lee , Grant Leum , Kongyi Li , Tyler Lindemann , Marijn Lucas , Roman Lutchyn , Morten Hannibal Madsen , Nash Madulid , Michael Manfra , Signe Brynold Markussen , Esteban Martinez , Marco Mattila , Jake Mattinson , Robert McNeil , Antonio Rodolph Mei , Ryan V. Mishmash , Gopakumar Mohandas , Christian Mollgaard , Michiel de Moor , Trevor Morgan , George Moussa , Anirudh Narla , Chetan Nayak , Jens Hedegaard Nielsen , William Hvidtfelt Padkær Nielsen , Frédéric Nolet , Mike Nystrom , Eoin O'Farrell , Keita Otani , Adam Paetznick , Camille Papon , Andres Paz , Karl Petersson , Luca Petit , Dima Pikulin , Diego Olivier Fernandez Pons , Sam Quinn , Mohana Rajpalke , Alejandro Alcaraz Ramirez , Katrine Rasmussen , David Razmadze , Ben Reichardt , Yuan Ren , Ken Reneris , Roy Riccomini , Ivan Sadovskyy , Lauri Sainiemi , Juan Carlos Estrada Saldaña , Irene Sanlorenzo , Simon Schaal , Emma Schmidgall , Cristina Sfiligoj , Marcus P. da Silva , Shilpi Singh , Sarat Sinha , Mathias Soeken , Patrick Sohr , Tomas Stankevic , Lieuwe Stek , Patrick Strøm-Hansen , Eric Stuppard , Aarthi Sundaram , Henri Suominen , Judith Suter , Satoshi Suzuki , Krysta Svore , Sam Teicher , Nivetha Thiyagarajah , Raj Tholapi , Mason Thomas , Dennis Tom , Emily Toomey , Josh Tracy , Matthias Troyer , Michelle Turley , Matthew D. Turner , Shivendra Upadhyay , Ivan Urban , Alexander Vaschillo , Dmitrii Viazmitinov , Dominik Vogel , Zhenghan Wang , John Watson , Alex Webster , Joseph Weston , Timothy Williamson , Georg W. Winkler , David J. van Woerkom , Brian Paquelet Wütz , Chung Kai Yang , Richard Yu , Emrah Yucelen , Jesús Herranz Zamorano , Roland Zeisel , Guoji Zheng , Justin Zilke , Andrew Zimmerman

When scaling up quantum processors in a cryogenic environment, it is desirable to limit the number of qubit drive lines going into the cryostat, since fewer lines makes cooling of the system more manageable and the need for complicated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Marvin Richter , Ingrid Strandberg , Simone Gasparinetti , Anton Frisk Kockum