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We study Nash equilibrium learning in partially observable Markov games (POMGs), a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework in which agents cannot fully observe the underlying state. Prior work in this setting relies on centralization…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Philip Jordan , Maryam Kamgarpour

Nash equilibria provide a principled framework for modeling interactions in multi-agent decision-making and control. However, many equilibrium-seeking methods implicitly assume that each agent has access to the other agents' objectives and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Mahdis Rabbani , Navid Mojahed , Shima Nazari

We present a new, distributed method to compute approximate Nash equilibria in bimatrix games. In contrast to previous approaches that analyze the two payoff matrices at the same time (for example, by solving a single LP that combines the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-10-12 Artur Czumaj , Argyrios Deligkas , Michail Fasoulakis , John Fearnley , Marcin Jurdziński , Rahul Savani

Motivated by Generative Adversarial Networks, we study the computation of Nash equilibrium in concave network zero-sum games (NZSGs), a multiplayer generalization of two-player zero-sum games first proposed with linear payoffs. Extending…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Amit Kadan , Hu Fu

Nash equilibrium is a popular solution concept for solving imperfect-information games in practice. However, it has a major drawback: it does not preclude suboptimal play in branches of the game tree that are not reached in equilibrium.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-05-29 Christian Kroer , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

Strategic interactions can be represented more concisely, and analyzed and solved more efficiently, if we are aware of the symmetries within the multiagent system. Symmetries also have conceptual implications, for example for equilibrium…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Emanuel Tewolde , Brian Hu Zhang , Caspar Oesterheld , Tuomas Sandholm , Vincent Conitzer

An extensive literature in economics and social science addresses contests, in which players compete to outperform each other on some measurable criterion, often referred to as a player's score, or output. Players incur costs that are an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-08-01 Leslie Ann Goldberg , Paul W. Goldberg , Piotr Krysta , Carmine Ventre

We consider the problem of finding Nash equilibrium for two-player turn-based zero-sum games. Inspired by the AlphaGo Zero (AGZ) algorithm, we develop a Reinforcement Learning based approach. Specifically, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Devavrat Shah , Varun Somani , Qiaomin Xie , Zhi Xu

We introduce two-level discounted games played by two players on a perfect-information stochastic game graph. The upper level game is a discounted game and the lower level game is an undiscounted reachability game. Two-level games model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-06-09 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Rupak Majumdar

We study best-response type learning dynamics for zero-sum polymatrix games under two information settings. The two settings are distinguished by the type of information that each player has about the game and their opponents' strategy. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-13 Fathima Zarin Faizal , Asuman Ozdaglar , Martin J. Wainwright

This paper proposes new, end-to-end deep reinforcement learning algorithms for learning two-player zero-sum Markov games. Different from prior efforts on training agents to beat a fixed set of opponents, our objective is to find the Nash…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Zihan Ding , Dijia Su , Qinghua Liu , Chi Jin

Game theory is a very profound study on distributed decision-making behavior and has been extensively developed by many scholars. However, many existing works rely on certain strict assumptions such as knowing the opponent's private…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Kuo Chun Tsai , Zhu Han

Constrained Markov games offer a formal mathematical framework for modeling multi-agent reinforcement learning problems where the behavior of the agents is subject to constraints. In this work, we focus on the recently introduced class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Philip Jordan , Anas Barakat , Niao He

Nash equilibrium is a central concept in game theory. Several Nash solvers exist, yet none scale to normal-form games with many actions and many players, especially those with payoff tensors too big to be stored in memory. In this work, we…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Ian Gemp , Rahul Savani , Marc Lanctot , Yoram Bachrach , Thomas Anthony , Richard Everett , Andrea Tacchetti , Tom Eccles , János Kramár

Computing Nash equilibrium policies is a central problem in multi-agent reinforcement learning that has received extensive attention both in theory and in practice. However, provable guarantees have been thus far either limited to fully…

We introduce, to our knowledge, the first direct second-order method for computing Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum games. To do so, we construct a Douglas-Rachford-style splitting formulation, which we then solve with a semi-smooth…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-16 David Yang , Yuan Gao , Tianyi Lin , Christian Kroer

We provide an in-depth study of Nash equilibria in multi-objective normal form games (MONFGs), i.e., normal form games with vectorial payoffs. Taking a utility-based approach, we assume that each player's utility can be modelled with a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Willem Röpke , Diederik M. Roijers , Ann Nowé , Roxana Rădulescu

This paper considers a two-player game where each player chooses a resource from a finite collection of options. Each resource brings a random reward. Both players have statistical information regarding the rewards of each resource.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Mevan Wijewardena , Michael J. Neely

We study pure-strategy Nash equilibria in multi-player concurrent deterministic games, for a variety of preference relations. We provide a novel construction, called the suspect game, which transforms a multi-player concurrent game into a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Patricia Bouyer , Romain Brenguier , Nicolas Markey , Michael Ummels

We propose MultiLRSGA, an $h$-player extension of LRSGA for the computation of stable Nash equilibria in differentiable games. The method originates from the decomposition of the game Jacobian into symmetric and antisymmetric components,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-06 Katherine Rossella Foglia , Vittorio Colao , Alfio Borzì