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The task of building general agents that perform well over a wide range of tasks has been an important goal in reinforcement learning since its inception. The problem has been subject of research of a large body of work, with performance…

Machine learning for procedural content generation has recently become an active area of research. Levels vary in both form and function and are mostly unrelated to each other across games. This has made it difficult to assemble suitably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

Recent progress in artificial intelligence through reinforcement learning (RL) has shown great success on increasingly complex single-agent environments and two-player turn-based games. However, the real-world contains multiple agents, each…

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become the mainstream technique for training LLM agents. However, RLVR highly depends on well-crafted task queries and corresponding ground-truth answers to provide accurate rewards,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Hongliang Lu , Yuhang Wen , Pengyu Cheng , Ruijin Ding , Jiaqi Guo , Haotian Xu , Chutian Wang , Haonan Chen , Xiaoxi Jiang , Guanjun Jiang

This paper presents an adaptive level generation algorithm for the physics-based puzzle game Angry Birds. The proposed algorithm is based on a pre-existing level generator for this game, but where the difficulty of the generated levels can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-08 Matthew Stephenson , Jochen Renz

When humans play virtual racing games, they use visual environmental information on the game screen to understand the rules within the environments. In contrast, a state-of-the-art realistic racing game AI agent that outperforms human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Ryuji Imamura , Takuma Seno , Kenta Kawamoto , Michael Spranger

Digital human generation has been studied for decades and supports a wide range of real-world applications. However, most existing systems are passively animated, relying on privileged state or scripted control, which limits scalability to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Hang Ye , Xiaoxuan Ma , Fan Lu , Wayne Wu , Kwan-Yee Lin , Yizhou Wang

We argue that 3-D first-person video games are a challenging environment for real-time multi-modal reasoning. We first describe our dataset of human game-play, collected across a large variety of 3-D first-person games, which is both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yuguang Yue , Irakli Salia , Samuel Hunt , Christopher Green , Wenzhe Shi , Jonathan J Hunt

We present PORTAL, a novel framework for developing artificial intelligence agents capable of playing thousands of 3D video games through language-guided policy generation. By transforming decision-making problems into language modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zhongwen Xu , Xianliang Wang , Siyi Li , Tao Yu , Liang Wang , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang

We introduce a human-compatible reinforcement-learning approach to a cooperative game, making use of a third-party hand-coded human-compatible bot to generate initial training data and to perform initial evaluation. Our learning approach…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Edward Lockhart , Neil Burch , Nolan Bard , Sebastian Borgeaud , Tom Eccles , Lucas Smaira , Ray Smith

Multi-agent learning algorithms have been successful at generating superhuman planning in various games but have had limited impact on the design of deployed multi-agent planners. A key bottleneck in applying these techniques to multi-agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Saman Kazemkhani , Aarav Pandya , Daphne Cornelisse , Brennan Shacklett , Eugene Vinitsky

Autonomous vehicle (AV) planners must undergo rigorous evaluation before widespread deployment on public roads, particularly to assess their robustness against the uncertainty of human behaviors. While recent advancements in data-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Augusto Mondelli , Yueshan Li , Alessandro Zanardi , Emilio Frazzoli

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their potential as autonomous agents across various tasks. One emerging application is the use of LLMs in playing games. In this work, we explore a practical problem for the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Chang Xiao , Brenda Z. Yang

This paper proposes a novel decision-making framework for autonomous vehicles (AVs), called predictor-corrector potential game (PCPG), composed of a Predictor and a Corrector. To enable human-like reasoning and characterize agent…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-13 Mushuang Liu , H. Eric Tseng , Dimitar Filev , Anouck Girard , Ilya Kolmanovsky

Video games are a compelling source of annotated data as they can readily provide fine-grained groundtruth for diverse tasks. However, it is not clear whether the synthetically generated data has enough resemblance to the real-world images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-16 Alireza Shafaei , James J. Little , Mark Schmidt

In this paper, a new offline actor-critic learning algorithm is introduced: Sampled Policy Gradient (SPG). SPG samples in the action space to calculate an approximated policy gradient by using the critic to evaluate the samples. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Anton Orell Wiehe , Nil Stolt Ansó , Madalina M. Drugan , Marco A. Wiering

In this article we study the problem of training intelligent agents using Reinforcement Learning for the purpose of game development. Unlike systems built to replace human players and to achieve super-human performance, our agents aim to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Alessandro Sestini , Alexander Kuhnle , Andrew D. Bagdanov

We present an approach to software testing automation using Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems for Quality Engineering (QE) artifact creation. We combine autonomous AI agents with hybrid vector-graph knowledge systems to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Mohanakrishnan Hariharan , Satish Arvapalli , Seshu Barma , Evangeline Sheela

The role of AI-generated synthetic data has recently been expanded to support realistic Monte Carlo simulations. However, guidance is limited on generating data with multilevel structures and designing simulations based on such data. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-08 Youmi Suk , Chenguang Pan , Weixuan Xiao

Text-to-video generation has been dominated by diffusion-based or autoregressive models. These novel models provide plausible versatility, but are criticized for improper physical motion, shading and illumination, camera motion, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Liu He , Yizhi Song , Hejun Huang , Pinxin Liu , Yunlong Tang , Daniel Aliaga , Xin Zhou