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Mechanical metamaterials are engineered materials that gain their remarkable mechanical properties, such as negative Poisson's ratios, negative compressibility, phononic bandgaps, and topological phonon modes, from their structure rather…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2017-03-07 D. Zeb Rocklin , Shangnan Zhou , Kai Sun , Xiaoming Mao

Mechanical metamaterials are periodic lattice structures with complex unit cell architectures that can achieve extraordinary mechanical properties beyond the capability of bulk materials. A new class of metamaterials is proposed, whose…

Applied Physics · Physics 2022-07-22 Marius Wagner , Fabian Schwarz , Nick Huber , Lena Geistlich , Henning Galinski , Ralph Spolenak

Soft robots achieve functionality through tight coupling among geometry, material composition, and actuation. As a result, effective design optimization requires these three aspects to be considered jointly rather than in isolation. This…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Vittorio Candiello , Manuel Mekkattu , Mike Y. Michelis , Robert K. Katzschmann

Rigid-bodied robots often lack compliance needed to adapt to unstructured environments, while fully soft robots, though highly adaptable, struggle with scalability and load capacity. In nature, musculoskeletal systems balance strength and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Hiroki Kobayashi , Yuki Takaha , Changyoung Yuhn , Yuki Sato , Sunao Tomita , Atsushi Kawamoto , Tsuyoshi Nomura

Soft robotics is a rapidly growing area of robotics research that would benefit greatly from design automation, given the challenges of manually engineering complex, compliant, and generally non-intuitive robot body plans and behaviors. It…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Alican Mertan , Nick Cheney

Flexible mechanical metamaterials are compliant structures engineered to achieve unique properties via the large deformation of their components. While their static character has been studied extensively, the study of their dynamic…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-02-22 Bolei Deng , Jordan R. Raney , Katia Bertoldi , Vincent Tournat

Soft robots have been leveraged in considerable areas like surgery, rehabilitation, and bionics due to their softness, flexibility, and safety. However, it is challenging to produce two same soft robots even with the same mold and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Zixi Chen , Xuyang Ren , Matteo Bernabei , Vanessa Mainardi , Gastone Ciuti , Cesare Stefanini

Designing soft robots poses considerable challenges: automated design approaches may be particularly appealing in this field, as they promise to optimize complex multi-material machines with very little or no human intervention.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Francesco Corucci , Nick Cheney , Francesco Giorgio-Serchi , Josh Bongard , Cecilia Laschi

Soft robots offer more flexibility, compliance, and adaptability than traditional rigid robots. They are also typically lighter and cheaper to manufacture. However, their use in real-world applications is limited due to modeling challenges…

The technological transition from soft machines to soft robots necessarily passes through the integration of soft electronics and sensors. This allows for the establishment of feedback control systems while preserving the softness of the…

Soft robotics technology can aid in achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement through development of autonomous, environmentally responsible machines powered by renewable energy. By…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Goffredo Giordano , Saravana Prashanth Murali Babu , Barbara Mazzolai

Deployable structures, essential across various engineering applications ranging from umbrellas to satellites, are evolving to include soft, morphable designs where geometry drives transformation. However, a major challenge for soft…

In simulations, particles are traditionally treated as rigid platforms with variable sizes, shapes and interaction parameters. While this representation is applicable for rigid core platforms, particles consisting of soft platforms (e.g.…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2024-08-06 Massimiliano Paesani , Ioana M. Ilie

Variable stiffness is a key capability in biological and robotic systems, enabling adaptive interaction across tasks and environments. Mechanical metamaterials offer an alternative to conventional mechatronic solutions by encoding stiffness…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-05-06 Hugo de Souza Oliveira , Michele Curatolo , Renate Sachse , Edoardo Milana

Soft robots are typically approximated as low-dimensional systems, especially when learning-based methods are used. This leads to models that are limited in their capability to predict the large number of deformation modes and interactions…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Thomas George Thuruthel , Fumiya Iida

Shape-morphing metamaterials enable adaptive structures capable of complex functional deformations, with applications ranging from reconfigurable structures and soft robotics to medical devices. However, their design remains challenging due…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jipeng Cui , Wei "Wayne" Chen

Mechanical metamaterials made of flexible building blocks can exhibit a plethora of extreme mechanical responses, such as negative elastic constants, shape-changes, programmability and memory. To date, dissipation has largely remained…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2024-06-12 David M. J. Dykstra , Shahram Janbaz , Corentin Coulais

Robots built from soft materials can alter their shape and size in a particular profile. This shape-changing ability could be extremely helpful for rescue robots and those operating in unknown terrains and environments. In changing shape,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-05-13 Vishesh Vikas , Eliad Cohen , Rob Grassi , Canberk Sozer , Barry Trimmer

Soft robots promise inherent safety via their material compliance for seamless interactions with humans or delicate environments. Yet, their development is challenging because it requires integrating materials, geometry, actuation, and…

Soft machines typically exhibit slow locomotion speed and low manipulation strength because of intrinsic limitations of soft materials. Here, we present a generic design principle that harnesses mechanical instability for a variety of…