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In the future, artificial learning agents are likely to become increasingly widespread in our society. They will interact with both other learning agents and humans in a variety of complex settings including social dilemmas. We argue that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Tobias Baumann

Modeling the purposeful behavior of imperfect agents from a small number of observations is a challenging task. When restricted to the single-agent decision-theoretic setting, inverse optimal control techniques assume that observed behavior…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Kevin Waugh , Brian D. Ziebart , J. Andrew Bagnell

When reading a story, humans can quickly understand new fictional characters with a few observations, mainly by drawing analogies to fictional and real people they already know. This reflects the few-shot and meta-learning essence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Mo Yu , Qiujing Wang , Shunchi Zhang , Yisi Sang , Kangsheng Pu , Zekai Wei , Han Wang , Liyan Xu , Jing Li , Yue Yu , Jie Zhou

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods struggle with the non-stationarity of multi-agent systems and fail to adaptively learn online when tested with novel agents. Here, we leverage large language models (LLMs) to create an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Logan Cross , Violet Xiang , Agam Bhatia , Daniel LK Yamins , Nick Haber

This paper presents a substantially reworked examination of how advanced game-theoretic paradigms can serve as a foundation for the next-generation challenges in Artificial Intelligence (AI), forecasted to arrive in or around 2025. Our…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Pavel Malinovskiy

Human social behavior is structured by relationships. We form teams, groups, tribes, and alliances at all scales of human life. These structures guide multi-agent cooperation and competition, but when we observe others these underlying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Michael Shum , Max Kleiman-Weiner , Michael L. Littman , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Improving the Theory of Mind (ToM) capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for effective social interactions between these AI models and humans. However, the existing benchmarks often measure ToM capability improvement through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Nanxu Gong , Zixin Chen , Haotian Li , Zishu Zhao , Jianxun Lian , Huamin Qu , Yanjie Fu , Xing Xie

Training and education in human-centered fields require authentic practice, yet realistic simulations of human behavior have remained limited. We present a multi-agent psychological simulation system that models internal cognitive-affective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Xiangen Hu , Jiarui Tong , Sheng Xu

In this paper, we formalise and implement an agent model for cooperation under imperfect information. It is based on Theory of Mind (the cognitive ability to understand the mental state of others) and abductive reasoning (the inference…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Nieves Montes , Nardine Osman , Carles Sierra

In human-robot teams, humans often start with an inaccurate model of the robot capabilities. As they interact with the robot, they infer the robot's capabilities and partially adapt to the robot, i.e., they might change their actions based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2017-06-15 Stefanos Nikolaidis , Swaprava Nath , Ariel D. Procaccia , Siddhartha Srinivasa

When inferring the goals that others are trying to achieve, people intuitively understand that others might make mistakes along the way. This is crucial for activities such as teaching, offering assistance, and deciding between blame or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Arwa Alanqary , Gloria Z. Lin , Joie Le , Tan Zhi-Xuan , Vikash K. Mansinghka , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Human behaviors are regularized by a variety of norms or regulations, either to maintain orders or to enhance social welfare. If artificially intelligent (AI) agents make decisions on behalf of human beings, we would hope they can also…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Fan-Yun Sun , Yen-Yu Chang , Yueh-Hua Wu , Shou-De Lin

Integrating theoretical neuroscience, decision theory, and probabilistic inference offers a promising route to understanding human cognition, yet concrete methodological bridges between agentic AI models and behavioral data analysis remain…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-01 Dirk Ostwald , Rasmus Bruckner , Franziska Usée , Belinda Fleischmann , Joram Soch , Sean Mulready

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and knowledge, to oneself and others, and to understand that these mental states can differ from one's own and from reality. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Anirban Mukherjee , Hannah Hanwen Chang

We present a new explainable AI (XAI) framework aimed at increasing justified human trust and reliance in the AI machine through explanations. We pose explanation as an iterative communication process, i.e. dialog, between the machine and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Arjun R. Akula , Changsong Liu , Sari Saba-Sadiya , Hongjing Lu , Sinisa Todorovic , Joyce Y. Chai , Song-Chun Zhu

Improving our understanding of how humans perceive AI teammates is an important foundation for our general understanding of human-AI teams. Extending relevant work from cognitive science, we propose a framework based on item response theory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Markelle Kelly , Aakriti Kumar , Padhraic Smyth , Mark Steyvers

Responsible AI has risen to the forefront of the AI research community. As neural network-based learning algorithms continue to permeate real-world applications, the field of Responsible AI has played a large role in ensuring that such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Niko A. Grupen

We present a hybrid framework for adaptive insider-threat detection that tightly integrates multi-agent simulation (MAS), layered Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) correlation, behavioral and communication forensics,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Firdous Kausar , Asmah Muallem , Naw Safrin Sattar , Mohamed Zakaria Kurdi

Team adaptation to new cooperative tasks is a hallmark of human intelligence, which has yet to be fully realized in learning agents. Previous work on multi-agent transfer learning accommodate teams of different sizes, heavily relying on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Rongjun Qin , Feng Chen , Tonghan Wang , Lei Yuan , Xiaoran Wu , Zongzhang Zhang , Chongjie Zhang , Yang Yu

As autonomous agents become more ubiquitous, they will eventually have to reason about the plans of other agents, which is known as theory of mind reasoning. We develop a planning-as-inference framework in which agents perform nested…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Iris Rubi Seaman , Jan-Willem van de Meent , David Wingate