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As one of the most popular dynamic languages, Python experiences a decrease in readability and maintainability when code smells are present. Recent advancements in Large Language Models have sparked growing interest in AI-enabled tools for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Beiqi Zhang , Peng Liang , Qiong Feng , Yujia Fu , Zengyang Li

We assess empirical models in climate econometrics using modern statistical learning techniques. Existing approaches are prone to outliers, ignore sample dependencies, and lack principled model selection. To address these issues, we…

Applications · Statistics 2025-05-26 Christof Schötz , Jan Hassel , Christian Otto

Context. Source code refactoring is a well-established approach to improving source code quality without compromising its external behavior. Motivation. The literature described the benefits of refactoring, yet its application in practice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Mikel Robredo , Matteo Esposito , Fabio Palomba , Rafael Peñaloza , Valentina Lenarduzzi

The rapid adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly realised through Machine Learning (ML) pipelines that integrate data preprocessing, model training, evaluation scripts, and configuration-heavy experimentation code. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Brahim Mahmoudi , Naouel Moha , Quentin Stiévenart , Florent Avellaneda

Testing of deep learning models is challenging due to the excessive number and complexity of computations involved. As a result, test data selection is performed manually and in an ad hoc way. This raises the question of how we can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-01 Wei Ma , Mike Papadakis , Anestis Tsakmalis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Performance is a critical quality attribute in software development, yet the impact of method-level code changes on performance evolution remains poorly understood. While developers often make intuitive assumptions about which types of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Kaveh Shahedi , Nana Gyambrah , Heng Li , Maxime Lamothe , Foutse Khomh

Software is constantly changing, requiring developers to perform several derived tasks in a timely manner, such as writing a description for the intention of the code change, or identifying the defect-prone code changes. Considering that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Bo Lin , Shangwen Wang , Zhongxin Liu , Yepang Liu , Xin Xia , Xiaoguang Mao

Code smells are widely used indicators of poor code quality, revealing structural problems and areas where improvement can be made. Although extensively studied in object-oriented languages, functional programming languages remain…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Walber Araújo , José Truta , Lucas Vegi , Marco Tulio Valente , João Brunet

Software Interfaces are meant to describe contracts governing interactions between logic modules. Interfaces, if well designed, significantly reduce software complexity and ease maintainability . However, as software evolves, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-02-07 Hani Abdeen , Osama Shata

Modern software systems heavily rely on third-party dependencies, making software supply chain security a critical concern. We introduce the concept of software supply chain smells as structural indicators that signal potential security…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Larissa Schmid , Diogo Gaspar , Raphina Liu , Sofia Bobadilla , Benoit Baudry , Martin Monperrus

Energy consumption of mobile apps is a domain that is receiving a lot of attention from researchers. Recent studies indicate that the energy consumption of mobile devices could be improved by improving the quality of mobile apps. Frequent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Hina Anwar , Dietmar Pfahl , Satish N. Srirama

Dependency management in modern software development poses many challenges for developers who wish to stay up to date with the latest features and fixes whilst ensuring backwards compatibility. Project maintainers have opted for varied, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Abbas Javan Jafari , Diego Elias Costa , Rabe Abdalkareem , Emad Shihab , Nikolaos Tsantalis

Code generation is one of the most active areas of application of Large Language Models (LLMs). While LLMs lower barriers to writing code and accelerate development process, the overall quality of generated programs depends on the quality…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Andrei Paleyes , Radzim Sendyka , Diana Robinson , Christian Cabrera , Neil D. Lawrence

Code linters play a crucial role in developing high-quality software systems by detecting potential problems (e.g., memory leaks) in the source code of systems. Despite their benefits, code linters are often language-specific, focused on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Darren Holden , Nafiseh Kahani

Machine learning (ML) codebases face unprecedented challenges in maintaining code quality and sustainability as their complexity grows exponentially. While traditional code smell detection tools exist, they fail to address ML-specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Karthik Shivashankar , Antonio Martini

Performance analysis has always been an afterthought during the application development process, focusing on application correctness first. The learning curve of the existing static and dynamic analysis tools are steep, which requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Nathan Pinnow , Tarek Ramadan , Tanzima Z. Islam , Chase Phelps , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

Large language models are increasingly trained on corpora containing both natural language and non-linguistic data like source code. Aside from aiding programming-related tasks, anecdotal evidence suggests that including code in pretraining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jackson Petty , Sjoerd van Steenkiste , Tal Linzen

Context. Software reusability mechanisms, like inheritance and delegation in Object-Oriented programming, are widely recognized as key instruments of software design. These are used to reduce the risks of source code being affected by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Giammaria Giordano , Gerardo Festa , Gemma Catolino , Fabio Palomba , Filomena Ferrucci , Carmine Gravino

In current research, there are contrasting results about the applicability of software source code metrics as features for defect prediction models. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the adoption of software metrics in models for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Dominik Arne Rebro , Bruno Rossi , Stanislav Chren

Defect prediction is one of the most popular research topics due to its potential to minimize software quality assurance efforts. Existing approaches have examined defect prediction from various perspectives such as complexity and developer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Rafed Muhammad Yasir , Ahmedul Kabir