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This paper presents mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations to obtain optimal sizing for a battery energy storage system (BESS) and solar generation system in an extreme fast charging station (XFCS) to reduce the annualized…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-31 Waqas ur Rehman , Rui Bo , Hossein Mehdipourpicha , Jonathan Kimball

Driven by the global decarbonization effort, the rapid integration of renewable energy into the conventional electricity grid presents new challenges and opportunities for the battery energy storage system (BESS) participating in the energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-14 Muhammad Anwar , Changlong Wang , Frits de Nijs , Hao Wang

Uncertainty in renewable energy generation and load consumption is a great challenge for microgrid operation, especially in islanded mode as the microgrid may be small in size and has limited flexible resources. In this paper, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-12-16 Jiayu Han , Lei Yan , Liuxi Zhang , Aleksi Paaso , Shay Bahramirad , Zuyi Li

This study investigates the economic dispatch and optimal power flow (OPF) for microgrids, focusing on two configurations: a single-bus islanded microgrid and a three-bus grid-tied microgrid. The methodologies integrate renewable energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-02 Saskia A. Putri , Xiaoyu Ge , Javad Khazaei

The advantages and disadvantages of Battery Swapping Stations (BSS) for heavy-duty trucks are poorly understood, relative to Fast Charging Stations (FCS) systems. This study evaluates these two charging mechanisms for electric heavy-duty…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Ruiting Wang , Antoine Martinez , Zaid Allybokus , Wente Zeng , Nicolas Obrecht , Scott Moura

This paper proposes a bi-level optimization framework to investigate the optimal market operation strategies of price-maker battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in real-time energy, spinning reserve, and pay as performance regulation…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-20 Reza Khalilisenobari , Meng Wu

To accommodate the changes in the nature and pattern of electricity consumption with the available resources, utility companies have introduced a variety of rate structures over the years. This paper develops a comprehensive optimization…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-21 A S M Jahid Hasan , Jubair Yusuf , Sadrul Ula

Energy storage systems (EES) are expected to be an indispensable resource for mitigating the effects on networks of high penetrations of distributed generation in the near future. This paper analyzes the benefits of EES in unbalanced low…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-21 Yiju Ma , Mohammad Seydali Seyf Abad , Donald Azuatalam , Gregor Verbic , Archie. C. Chapman

Mathematical models are just models. The desire to describe battery energy storage system (BESS) operation using computationally tractable model formulations has motivated a long-standing discussion in both the scientific and industrial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-16 David Pozo

Managing the inherent variability of solar generation is a critical challenge for utility grid operators, particularly as the distribution grid-integrated solar generation is making fast inroads in power systems. This paper proposes to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-07-23 Zohreh S. Hosseini , Mohsen Mahoor , Amin Khodaei

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are essential for peak shaving, balancing power supply and demand while enhancing grid efficiency. This study proposes a cycle-based control strategy for charging and discharging, which optimizes…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-17 Guo Gan , Li Junhui , Mu Gang , Yan Gangui

The increasing penetration of inverter-based renewable generation has significantly reduced system inertia, making modern power grids more vulnerable to rapid frequency deviations following disturbances. While a wide range of flexible…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-18 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

The explosive growth of electric vehicles (EVs) is leading to a surge in retired EV batteries, which are typically recycled despite having nearly 80% available capacity. Repurposing automotive batteries for second-use battery energy storage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-12 Xiaofan Cui , Alireza Ramyar , Peyman Mohtat , Veronica Contreras , Jason Siegel , Anna Stefanopoulou , Al-Thaddeus Avestruz

The battery energy storage system (BESS) has immense potential for enhancing grid reliability and security through its participation in the electricity market. BESS often seeks various revenue streams by taking part in multiple markets to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-01 Jinhao Li , Changlong Wang , Yanru Zhang , Hao Wang

We develop a stochastic game-theoretic model for intraday dispatch of grid-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs). We assume that each BESS operator competitively manages her state-of-charge to maximize energy arbitrage revenues,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Ruimeng Hu , Mike Ludkovski , Hezhong Zhang

Grid-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can provide flexibility to the power system and capture shortterm price volatility by shifting energy in time through controlled charging and discharging. The highly volatile European…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Timothée Hornek , Youngsub Lee , Sergio Potenciano Menci , Ivan Pavić

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are critical for modern power networks, supporting grid services such as frequency regulation, peak shaving, and black start. Delivering a BESS under an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-17 Zeenat Hameed , Chresten Træholt

With more renewable energy sources (RES) integrated into the power system, the intermittency of RES places a heavy burden on the system. The uncertainty of RES is traditionally handled by controllable generators to balance the real time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-25 Tian Liu , Su Wang , Danny H. K. Tsang

In this paper, an integrated multi-period model for long term expansion planning of electric energy transmission grid, power generation technologies, and energy storage devices is introduced. The proposed method gives the type, size and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-10 Mojtaba Moradi-Sepahvand , Turaj Amraee

This paper develops an improved distributed finite-time control algorithm for multiagent-based ac microgrids with battery energy storage systems (BESSs) utilizing a low-width communication network. The proposed control algorithm can…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-10 Chang Yu , Xiaoqing Lu , Jingang Lai , Li Chai