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Precision medicine stands as a transformative approach in healthcare, offering tailored treatments that can enhance patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. As understanding of complex disease improves, clinical trials are being…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-15 Lara Maleyeff , Shirin Golchi , Erica E. M. Moodie , Marie Hudson

The real-world testing of decisions made using causal machine learning models is an essential prerequisite for their successful application. We focus on evaluating and improving contextual treatment assignment decisions: these are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-13 Desi R. Ivanova , Joel Jennings , Cheng Zhang , Adam Foster

The win ratio (WR) statistic is increasingly used to evaluate treatment effects based on prioritized composite endpoints, yet existing Bayesian adaptive designs are not directly applicable because the WR is a summary statistic derived from…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-20 Di Zhu , Yong Zang

In this paper, we study the design and analysis of experiments conducted on a set of units over multiple time periods where the starting time of the treatment may vary by unit. The design problem involves selecting an initial treatment time…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-09-27 Ruoxuan Xiong , Susan Athey , Mohsen Bayati , Guido Imbens

The process of calibrating computer models of natural phenomena is essential for applications in the physical sciences, where plenty of domain knowledge can be embedded into simulations and then calibrated against real observations. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Rafael Oliveira , Dino Sejdinovic , David Howard , Edwin V. Bonilla

Bayesian statistics plays a pivotal role in advancing medical science by enabling healthcare companies, regulators, and stakeholders to assess the safety and efficacy of new treatments, interventions, and medical procedures. The Bayesian…

Applications · Statistics 2023-12-04 Se Yoon Lee

Clinical research and drug development in orphan diseases is challenging, since large-scale randomized studies are difficult to conduct. Formally synthesizing the evidence is therefore of great value, yet this is rarely done in the drug…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-09-11 Simon Wandel , Beat Neuenschwander , Tim Friede , Christian Röver

Optimal design of a Phase I cancer trial can be formulated as a stochastic optimization problem. By making use of recent advances in approximate dynamic programming to tackle the problem, we develop an approximation of the Bayesian optimal…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-12-01 Jay Bartroff , Tze Leung Lai

Adaptive subgroup enrichment design is an efficient design framework that allows accelerated development for investigational treatments while also having flexibility in population selection within the course of the trial. The adaptive…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-21 Liwen Wu , Qing Li , Mengya Liu , Jianchang Lin

The e-value is gaining traction as a robust alternative to p-values and Bayes factors for quantifying statistical evidence. e-values are a promising method for adaptive clinical trials due to their anytime-validity: e-values ensure type I…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-28 Stef Baas , Judith ter Schure , Joost van Rosmalen

Bayesian response adaptive clinical trials are currently evaluating experimental therapies for several diseases. Adaptive decisions, such as pre-planned variations of the randomization probabilities, attempt to accelerate the development of…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-25 Marta Bonsaglio , Sandra Fortini , Steffen Ventz , Lorenzo Trippa

Pilot feasibility studies play a pivotal role in the development of clinical trials for rare diseases, where small populations and slow recruitment often threaten trial viability. While such studies are commonly used to assess operational…

Applications · Statistics 2025-07-15 Lara Maleyeff , Valérie Leclair , Shirin Golchi , Marie Hudson

It is crucial to design Phase II cancer clinical trials that balance the efficiency of treatment selection with clinical practicality. Sargent and Goldberg proposed a frequentist design that allow decision-making even when the primary…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-15 Moka Komaki , Satoru Shinoda , Haiyan Zheng , Kouji Yamamoto

The Bayesian Optimal Phase II (BOP2) framework is a flexible trial design that can naturally facilitate complex adaptations due to its Bayesian setting. BOP2 uses equal randomisation and equally placed interim analyses in its design, but it…

Applications · Statistics 2025-11-19 Connor Fitchett , Ayon Mukherjee , Sofía S. Villar , David S. Robertson

Practical employment of Bayesian trial designs is still rare. Even if accepted in principle, the regulators have commonly required that such designs be calibrated according to an upper bound for the frequentist type I error rate. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-25 Elja Arjas , Dario Gasbarra

Bayesian optimal design is considered for experiments where the response distribution depends on the solution to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations. The motivation is an experiment to estimate parameters in the equations…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-05-02 Antony Overstall , David Woods , Ben Parker

Platform trials evaluate multiple experimental treatments against a common control group (and/or against each other), which often reduces the trial duration and sample size. Bayesian platform designs offer several practical advantages,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-18 Luke Hagar , Lara Maleyeff , Shirin Golchi , Dick Menzies

Clinical trials are an instrument for making informed decisions based on evidence from well-designed experiments. Here we consider adaptive designs mainly from the perspective of multi-arm Phase II clinical trials, in which one or more…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-31 Elja Arjas , Dario Gasbarra

Identification of optimal dose combinations in early phase dose-finding trials is challenging, due to the trade-off between precisely estimating the many parameters required to flexibly model the possibly non-monotonic dose-response…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-13 James Willard , Shirin Golchi , Erica E. M. Moodie , Bruno Boulanger , Bradley P. Carlin

Adaptive designs for clinical trials permit alterations to a study in response to accumulating data in order to make trials more flexible, ethical and efficient. These benefits are achieved while preserving the integrity and validity of the…