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Photonic integration is a promising route to miniaturise the hardware of quantum key distribution (QKD), yet the monolithic integration of single photon detectors remains a significant challenge. QKD receiver chips integrating…

High-frequency sine wave gating (SWG) InGaAs/InP single-photon detectors (SPDs) are widely used for synchronous near-infrared single-photon detection. For practical use, the size of SPD is one of the most concerning features for system…

For the SPECTRAP experiment at GSI, Germany, detectors with Single-Photon counting capability in the visible and near-infrared regime are required. For the wavelength region up to 1100 nm we investigate the performance of 2x2 mm^2 avalanche…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2012-03-06 R. Jöhren , R. Berendes , W. Buglak , D. Hampf , V. Hannen , J. Mader , W. Nörtershäuser , R. Sánchez , C. Weinheimer

Major advances in silicon pixel detectors, with outstanding timing performance, have recently attracted significant attention in the community. In this work we present and discuss the use of state-of-the-art Geiger-mode APDs, also known as…

Detecting non-classical light is a central requirement for photonics-based quantum technologies. Unrivaled high efficiencies and low dark counts have positioned superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) as the leading…

High-resolution 3D tracking with sub-nanosecond timing is required for the detection of elementary particles, such as neutrinos. Conventional detectors, which utilize analog silicon photomultipliers, face challenges in balancing spatial…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-11-24 Kodai Kaneyasu , Till Dieminger , Matthew Franks , Davide Sgalaberna , Claudio Bruschini , Edoardo Charbon

Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are starting to play a pivotal role in the development of photon-efficient, long-range LiDAR systems. However, due to non-linearities in their image formation model, a high photon flux (e.g., due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Anant Gupta , Atul Ingle , Andreas Velten , Mohit Gupta

We give an analytic treatment of the time resolution and efficiency of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). We provide closed-form expressions for structures with uniform electric fields and efficient…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-05-05 Werner Riegler , Philipp Windischhofer

Achieving high quantum efficiency (QE) with low dark count is essential for highly sensitive photodetectors (PDs), including single photon avalanche detectors (SPADs). However, high QE requires a thicker absorber region, which leads to high…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-07-25 Sagar Chowdhury , Rituraj , Srini Krishnamurthy , Vidya Praveen Bhallamudi

In the planned or considered upgrades of LHCb, ALICE and Belle II experiments, the Ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors will have to be improved in order to function at increased beam interaction density. The photodetectors used in…

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are a rapidly developing image sensing technology with extreme low-light sensitivity and picosecond timing resolution. These unique capabilities have enabled SPADs to be used in applications like…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-16 Trevor Seets , Atul Ingle , Martin Laurenzis , Andreas Velten

Active 3D imaging systems have broad applications across disciplines, including biological imaging, remote sensing and robotics. Applications in these domains require fast acquisition times, high timing resolution, and high detection…

Applied Physics · Physics 2018-06-12 Felix Heide , Steven Diamond , David B. Lindell , Gordon Wetzstein

Enhancing photon detection efficiency and time resolution in photodetectors in the entire visible range is critical to improve the image quality of time-of-flight (TOF)-based imaging systems and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). In this…

While it took about a decade for a germanium (Ge) thin film grown on a silicon (Si) substrate to be successfully applied as a detector material for high-speed optical fiber communication application, it took about another decade to further…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-05-11 Neil Na , Erik Chen , Gerald S. Bullerb , Robert H. Hadfield , Richard A. Sorefd

Single-photon detectors (SPDs) play important roles in highly sensitive detection applications, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, remote sensing and ranging, deep space optical communications, elementary particle detection, and quantum…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-01-08 Meng Yang , Feihu Xu , Ji-Gang Ren , Juan Yin , Yang Li , Yuan Cao , Qi Shen , Hai-Lin Yong , Liang Zhang , Sheng-Kai Liao , Jian-Wei Pan , Cheng-Zhi Peng

This work presents stochastic approaches to model the counting behavior of actively quenched single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) subjected to continuous-wave constant illumination. We present both analytical expressions and simulation…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-08-27 Ivo Straka , Jan Grygar , Josef Hloušek , Miroslav Ježek

The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a mature photodetector concept that is applied in a variety of applications ranging from medical imaging to automotive LiDAR systems. Over the last few years, improvements of the sensor performance are…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-10-21 Eugen Engelmann , Wolfgang Schmailzl , Peter Iskra , Florian Wiest , Elena Popova , Sergey Vinogradov

Sensitive avalanche photodetectors (APDs) that operate within the ultraviolet spectrum are critically required for applications in detecting fire and deep-space exploration. However, the development of such devices faces significant…

Superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) based on nanopatterned niobium nitride wires offer single photon counting at fast rates, low jitter, and low dark counts, from visible wavelengths well into the infrared. We demonstrate the…

Most active quench circuits used for single-photon avalanche detectors are designed either with discrete components which lack the flexibility of dynamically changing the control parameters, or with custom ASICs which require a long…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-05-03 Subash Sachidananda , Prithvi Gundlapalli , Victor Leong , Leonid Krivitsky , Alexander Ling