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The spontaneous breaking of symmetries is a widespread phenomenon in physics. When time translational symmetry is spontaneously broken, an exotic nonequilibrium state of matter in which the same structures repeat themselves in time can…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2021-12-10 Marina Evers , Raphael Wittkowski

We analytically study the time evolution of the expectation values of observables in periodically kicked many-body quantum systems. Starting from an initial state, we compute both the transient and the long-time properties of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-05 Vijay Kumar , Dibyendu Roy

Periodically driven quantum many-body systems can spontaneously break discrete time-translation symmetry, realizing discrete time crystals. To date, both experimental and theoretical efforts have largely focused on the simplest case of…

Time crystal is defined as a phase of matter spontaneously exhibiting a periodicity in time. Previous studies focused on discrete quantum time crystals under periodic drive. Here, we propose a time crystal model based on a levitated charged…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-27 Yi Huang , Qihao Guo , Anda Xiong , Tongcang Li , Zhang-qi Yin

Time crystals are many-body systems whose ground state spontaneously breaks time-translation symmetry and thus exhibits long-range spatiotemporal order and robust periodic motion. Using hydrodynamics, we have recently shown how an…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-15 R. Hurtado-Gutiérrez , C. Pérez-Espigares , P. I. Hurtado

Time crystals are exotic phases of matter characterized by a broken time-translational symmetry, such that the ground state of the system evolves in time in a periodic fashion. Even though the time-crystal concept was introduced relatively…

Classical Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Mario G. Silveirinha

Periodically driven quantum systems host a range of non-equilibrium phenomena which are unrealizable at equilibrium. Discrete time-translational symmetry in a periodically driven many-body system can be spontaneously broken to form a…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2019-06-11 James O'Sullivan , Oliver Lunt , Christoph W. Zollitsch , M. L. W. Thewalt , John J. L. Morton , Arijeet Pal

We define what it means for time translation symmetry to be spontaneously broken in a quantum system, and show with analytical arguments and numerical simulations that this occurs in a large class of many-body-localized driven systems with…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2016-08-31 Dominic V. Else , Bela Bauer , Chetan Nayak

Discrete time crystals are a recently proposed and experimentally observed out-of-equilibrium dynamical phase of Floquet systems, where the stroboscopic evolution of a local observable repeats itself at an integer multiple of the driving…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-01-29 Zongping Gong , Ryusuke Hamazaki , Masahito Ueda

Time crystals are systems that spontaneously break time-translation symmetry, exhibiting repeating patterns in time. Recent work has shown that non-Hermitian Floquet systems can host a time crystalline phase with quasi-long-range order. In…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-03-31 Weihua Xie , Michael Kolodrubetz , Vadim Oganesyan , Daniel P. Arovas

Time crystals spontaneously break the time translation symmetry, as recently has been frequently reported in quantum systems. Here we describe the observation of classical analogues of both 1+1-dimensional and 2+1-dimensional discrete…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-07-24 Hanqing Zhao , Rui Zhang , Ivan I. Smalyukh

In analogy with crystalline solids around us, Wilczek recently proposed the idea of "time crystals" as phases that spontaneously break the continuous time translation into a discrete subgroup. The proposal stimulated further studies and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-26 Haruki Watanabe , Masaki Oshikawa

Discrete time crystals are periodically driven systems that display spontaneous symmetry breaking of time translation invariance in the form of indefinite subharmonic oscillations. We introduce a thermodynamically consistent model for a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-01-20 Lukas Oberreiter , Udo Seifert , Andre C. Barato

Investigation of states with a periodic time dependence of physical quantities attracts a considerable interest now. Although it has been proposed initially that such states (coined Quantum Time Crystals) might be macroscopic and…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-11-07 Konstantin B. Efetov

We demonstrate the emergence of a time crystal of atoms in a high-finesse optical cavity driven by a phase-modulated transverse pump field, resulting in a shaken lattice. This shaken system exhibits macroscopic oscillations in the number of…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2019-11-27 Jayson G. Cosme , Jim Skulte , Ludwig Mathey

Controlling the decoherence induced by the interaction of quantum system with its environment is a fundamental challenge in quantum technology. Utilizing Floquet theory, we explore the constructive role of temporal periodic driving in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-28 Chong Chen , Jun-Hong An , Hong-Gang Luo , C. P. Sun , C. H. Oh

Time crystals are classified into discrete time crystals and continuous time crystals based on whether they spontaneously break time-translation symmetry. Continuous-time crystals do not require external driving. By introducing AdS/CFT…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-15 Ximo Wang , Qiwei Han , Zhenqi Bai , Hongyan Fan , Yichi Zhang

Time crystals are proposed states of matter which spontaneously break time translation symmetry. There is no settled definition of such states. We offer a new definition which follows the traditional recipe for Wigner symmetries and order…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-09-27 Vedika Khemani , C. W. von Keyserlingk , S. L. Sondhi

We report the observation of a symmetry-protected topological time crystal, which is implemented with an array of programmable superconducting qubits. Unlike the time crystals reported in previous experiments, where spontaneous breaking of…

Discrete Floquet time crystals (DFTC) are characterized by the spontaneous breaking of the discrete time-translational invariance characteristic of Floquet driven systems. In analogy with equilibrium critical points, also time-crystalline…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-11-17 Guido Giachetti , Andrea Solfanelli , Lorenzo Correale , Nicolò Defenu