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Quantum computing hardware is affected by quantum noise that undermine the quality of results of an executed quantum program. Amongst other quantum noises, coherent error that caused by parameter drifting and miscalibration, remains…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Xiangyu Ren , Junjie Wan , Zhiding Liang , Antonio Barbalace

Minimizing leakage from computational states is a challenge when using many-level systems like superconducting quantum circuits as qubits. We realize and extend the quantum-hardware-efficient, all-microwave leakage reduction unit (LRU) for…

Recently, a lot of effort has been devoted towards designing erasure qubits in which dominant physical noise excites leakage states whose population can be detected and returned to the qubit subspace. Interest in these erasure qubits has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-05 Kathleen Chang , Shraddha Singh , Jahan Claes , Kaavya Sahay , James Teoh , Shruti Puri

Quantum error correction will be an essential ingredient in realizing fault-tolerant quantum computing. However, most correction schemes rely on the assumption that errors are sufficiently uncorrelated in space and time. In superconducting…

Quantum error correcting codes typically do not account for quantum state transitions - leakage - out of the computational subspace. Since these errors can last for multiple detection rounds they can significantly contribute to logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-26 Jeffrey Marshall , Dvir Kafri

Realizing the full potential of quantum computing requires large-scale quantum computers capable of running quantum error correction (QEC) to mitigate hardware errors and maintain quantum data coherence. While quantum computers operate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Chaithanya Naik Mude , Satvik Maurya , Benjamin Lienhard , Swamit Tannu

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) protects qubits against bit- and phase-flip errors in the |0> or |1> subspace, but physical qubits can also leak into higher energy levels (e.g., |2>). Leakage is especially harmful, as it corrupts all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Chaithanya Naik Mude , Swamit Tannu

The field of quantum computing has experienced a rapid expansion in recent years, with ongoing exploration of new technologies, a decrease in error rates, and a growth in the number of qubits available in quantum processors. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-16 Samuel Stein , Nathan Wiebe , Yufei Ding , James Ang , Ang Li

Leakage out from the qubit subspace compromises standard quantum error correction protocols and is a challenge for practical quantum computing. We propose a passive leakage removal unit based on an array of coupled disordered transmons and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Gonzalo Martín-Vázquez , Taneli Tolppanen , Matti Silveri

Various quantum applications can be reduced to estimating expectation values, which are inevitably deviated by operational and environmental errors. Although errors can be tackled by quantum error correction, the overheads are far from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-19 Shuaining Zhang , Yao Lu , Kuan Zhang , Wentao Chen , Ying Li , Jing-Ning Zhang , Kihwan Kim

Spectator-induced leakage poses a fundamental challenge to scalable quantum computing, particularly as frequency collisions become unavoidable in multi-qubit processors. We introduce a leakage mitigation strategy based on dynamically…

As we are entering the era of constructing practical quantum computers, suppressing the inevitable noise to accomplish reliable computational tasks will be the primary goal. Leakage noise, as the amplitude population leaking outside the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 Chen Ding , Xiao-Yue Xu , Shuo Zhang , Wan-Su Bao , He-Liang Huang

The requirements for fault-tolerant quantum error correction can be simplified by leveraging structure in the noise of the underlying hardware. In this work, we identify a new type of structured noise motivated by neutral atom qubits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-31 Kaavya Sahay , Junlan Jin , Jahan Claes , Jeff D. Thompson , Shruti Puri

The ability for users to access quantum computers through the cloud has increased rapidly in recent years. Despite still being Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) machines, modern quantum computers are now being actively employed for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Chuanqi Xu , Jamie Sikora , Jakub Szefer

Randomized Benchmarking allows to efficiently and scalably characterize the average error of an unitary 2-design such as the Clifford group $\mathcal{C}$ on a physical candidate for quantum computation, as long as there are no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-04 T. Chasseur , F. K. Wilhelm

We present a general framework for the quantification and characterization of leakage errors that result when a quantum system is encoded in the subspace of a larger system. To do this we introduce new metrics for quantifying the coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-14 Christopher J. Wood , Jay M. Gambetta

Many realizations of solid-state qubits involve couplings to leakage states lying outside the computational subspace, posing a threat to high-fidelity quantum gate operations. Mitigating leakage errors is especially challenging when the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-05 Joydip Ghosh , S. N. Coppersmith , Mark Friesen

Superconducting qubits are one of the most advanced candidates to realize scalable and fault-tolerant quantum computing. Despite recent significant advancements in the qubit lifetimes, the origin of the loss mechanism for state-of-the-art…

The central challenge in building a quantum computer is error correction. Unlike classical bits, which are susceptible to only one type of error, quantum bits ("qubits") are susceptible to two types of error, corresponding to flips of the…

Leakage errors are unwanted transfer of population outside of a defined computational subspace and they occur in almost every platform for quantum computing. While prevalent, leakage is often overlooked when measuring and reporting the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Yi-Hsiang Chen , Charles H. Baldwin