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High-voltage direct current (HVDC) is an increasingly commonly used technology for long-distance electric power transmission, mainly due to its low resistive losses. In this paper the voltage-droop method (VDM) is reviewed, and three novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-14 Martin Andreasson , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Henrik Sandberg , Karl H. Johansson

In the last decades, various events have shown that electromechanical oscillations are a major concern for large interconnected Alternative Current (AC) power systems. DC segmentation - a method that consist in turning large AC grids into a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-21 Mathieu Robin , Javier Renedo , Juan Carlos Gonzalez-Torres , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Abdelkrim Benchaib , Pablo Garcia-Gonzalez

We consider the problem of grid-forming control of power converters in low-inertia power systems. Starting from an average-switch three-phase inverter model, we draw parallels to a synchronous machine (SM) model and propose a novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-04-27 Catalin Arghir , Taouba Jouini , Florian Dorfler

Model Predictive Control (MPC) method is a class of advanced control techniques most widely applied in industry. The major advantages of the MPC are its straightforward procedure which can be applied for both linear and nonlinear system.…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-04-17 Mohammad Amin , Marta Molinas

This paper explores the stability of nonsynchronous hybrid ac/dc power grids under the grid-forming hybrid angle control strategy. We formulate dynamical models for the ac grids and transmission lines, interlinking converters, and dc…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-24 Ali Tayyebi , Florian Dörfler

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

We consider a grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) and address the problem of estimating the grid angle and frequency, information that is essential for an appropriate operation of the converter. We design phase-locked loop (PLL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-19 Daniele Zonetti , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Marc Cheah-Mane

Recent advances in data sensing and processing technologies enable data-driven control of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems for improving the operational stability of interfacing power grids. This paper proposes an optimal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-15 Young-Jin Kim

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology has played a crucial role for long-distance transmission of renewable power generation. However, the integration of large-capacity HVDC lines introduces significant frequency security challenges…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Yiliu He , Haiwang Zhong , Grant Ruan , Yan Xu , Chongqing Kang

DC microgrids provide an efficient framework for the interconnection of DC distributed energy resources (DERs) and DC loads. To continue to supply legacy single-phase AC loads, DC/AC converters can be integrated in the DC microgrid. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-01 Mehdi Baharizadeh , Mohammad Sadegh Golsorkhi , Neda Keshavarzi , Thomas Ebel

This paper presents the development of a mathematical model of a converter state space model for a hybrid microgrid. The hybrid model combines the models of components such as DC-Converters, DC-AC converters, and their individual…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Yangyadatta Tripathy , Barjeev Tyagi

In this paper, we propose a centralized secondary control for the real-time steady-state optimization of multi-terminal HVdc grids under voltage and current limits. First, we present the dynamic models of the grid components, including the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Babak Abdolmaleki , Gilbert Bergna-Diaz

This paper considers the control of AC-AC inter-linking converters (ILCs) in a multi-grid network. We overview the control schemes in the literature and propose a passivity framework for the stabilization of multi-grid networks, considering…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-09 Jeremy Watson , Ioannis Lestas

The fast protection of meshed HVDC grids requires the modeling of the transient phenomena affecting the grid after a fault. In the case of hybrid lines comprising both overhead and underground parts, the numerous generated traveling waves…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-15 Michel Kieffer , Paul Verrax , Nathan Alglave , Alberto Bertinato , Bertrand Raison

In the near future, point-to-point High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems are expected to evolve into multi-terminal and meshed HVDC grids, predominantly adopting a bipolar HVDC configuration. Normally, bipolar HVDC systems operate in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Chandra Kant Jat , Francesco Giacomo Puricelli , Jef Beerten , Hakan Ergun , Dirk Van Hertem

Inspired by the kinetics of wave phenomena in reaction-diffusion models of biological systems, we propose a novel grid-forming control strategy for control of three-phase DC/AC converters in power systems. The ($\lambda-\omega$) virtual…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-22 Taouba Jouini , Emma Tegling , Zhiyong Sun

The stability of multi-vendor, multi-terminal HVDC systems can be analyzed in frequency domain by black-box impedance models using the generalized Nyquist stability criterion. Based on the impedance stability analysis, a multi-level…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-24 Yicheng Liao , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang , Mario Ndreko , Robert Dimitrovski , Wilhelm Winter

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-10 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

With the increasing interest in converter-fed islanded microgrids, particularly for resilience, it is becoming more critical to understand the dynamical behavior of these systems. This paper takes a holistic view of grid-forming converters…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-05 Ciaran Roberts , Jose Daniel Lara , Rodrigo Henriquez-Auba , Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Duncan S. Callaway

Grid-forming inverters control the power transfer between the AC and DC sides of an electrical grid while maintaining the frequency and voltage of the AC side. This paper focuses on ensuring large-signal stability of an electrical grid with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-18 Jared Miller , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Xiuqiang He , Roy S. Smith , Gabriela Hug