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Shapley values have become a cornerstone of explainable AI, but they are computationally expensive to use, especially when features are dependent. Evaluating them requires approximating a large number of conditional expectations, either via…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Dennis Christensen

Many important questions about a model cannot be answered just by explaining how much each feature contributes to its output. To answer a broader set of questions, we generalize a popular, mathematically well-grounded explanation technique,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Dillon Bowen , Lyle Ungar

Existing feature attribution methods like SHAP often suffer from global dependence, failing to capture true local model behavior. This paper introduces VARSHAP, a novel model-agnostic local feature attribution method which uses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mateusz Gajewski , Mikołaj Morzy , Adam Karczmarz , Piotr Sankowski

In Machine Learning, the $\mathsf{SHAP}$-score is a version of the Shapley value that is used to explain the result of a learned model on a specific entity by assigning a score to every feature. While in general computing Shapley values is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Marcelo Arenas , Pablo Barceló , Leopoldo Bertossi , Mikaël Monet

Probabilistic graphical models, such as Markov random fields (MRF), exploit dependencies among random variables to model a rich family of joint probability distributions. Sophisticated inference algorithms, such as belief propagation (BP),…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Yifei Liu , Chao Chen , Xi Zhang , Sihong Xie

Recent studies have examined the computational complexity of computing Shapley additive explanations (also known as SHAP) across various models and distributions, revealing their tractability or intractability in different settings.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Reda Marzouk , Shahaf Bassan , Guy Katz , Colin de la Higuera

One of the most popular methods of the machine learning prediction explanation is the SHapley Additive exPlanations method (SHAP). An imprecise SHAP as a modification of the original SHAP is proposed for cases when the class probability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov , Kirill A. Vishniakov

Computing the importance of features in supervised classification tasks is critical for model interpretability. Shapley values are a widely used approach for explaining model predictions, but require direct access to the underlying model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Joao Fonseca , Julia Stoyanovich

In recent years, the Shapley value and SHAP explanations have emerged as one of the most dominant paradigms for providing post-hoc explanations of black-box models. Despite their well-founded theoretical properties, many recent works have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 James Enouen , Yan Liu

With the widespread use of sophisticated machine learning models in sensitive applications, understanding their decision-making has become an essential task. Models trained on tabular data have witnessed significant progress in explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Aditya Lahiri , Kamran Alipour , Ehsan Adeli , Babak Salimi

Reinforcement learning agents can achieve super-human performance in complex decision-making tasks, but their behaviour is often difficult to understand and explain. This lack of explanation limits deployment, especially in safety-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Daniel Beechey , Thomas M. S. Smith , Özgür Şimşek

SHAP is one of the most popular local feature-attribution methods. Given a function f and an input x, it quantifies each feature's contribution to f(x). Recently, SHAP has been increasingly used for global insights: practitioners average…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Robi Bhattacharjee , Karolin Frohnapfel , Ulrike von Luxburg

Shapley values have emerged as a widely accepted and trustworthy tool, grounded in theoretical axioms, for addressing challenges posed by black-box models like deep neural networks. However, computing Shapley values encounters exponential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Borui Zhang , Baotong Tian , Wenzhao Zheng , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

In this article, we provide an axiomatic characterization of feature attribution for multi-output predictors within the Shapley framework. While SHAP explanations are routinely computed independently for each output coordinate, the…

Shapley values have several desirable, theoretically well-supported, properties for explaining black-box model predictions. Traditionally, Shapley values are computed post-hoc, leading to additional computational cost at inference time. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Amr Alkhatib , Roman Bresson , Henrik Boström , Michalis Vazirgiannis

The increasing complexity of foundational models underscores the necessity for explainability, particularly for fine-tuning, the most widely used training method for adapting models to downstream tasks. Instance attribution, one type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Jingtan Wang , Xiaoqiang Lin , Rui Qiao , Chuan-Sheng Foo , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

We discuss promising recent contributions on quantifying feature relevance using Shapley values, where we observed some confusion on which probability distribution is the right one for dropped features. We argue that the confusion is based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-28 Dominik Janzing , Lenon Minorics , Patrick Blöbaum

Despite their ubiquitous use, Shapley value feature attributions can be misleading due to feature interaction in both model and data. We propose an alternative attribution approach, Shapley Sets, which awards value to sets of features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Torty Sivill , Peter Flach

Variable selection or importance measurement of input variables to a machine learning model has become the focus of much research. It is no longer enough to have a good model, one also must explain its decisions. This is why there are so…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Vincent Lemaire , Fabrice Clérot , Marc Boullé

Shapley values are model-agnostic methods for explaining model predictions. Many commonly used methods of computing Shapley values, known as off-manifold methods, rely on model evaluations on out-of-distribution input samples. Consequently,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-28 Muhammad Faaiz Taufiq , Patrick Blöbaum , Lenon Minorics