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Local feature attribution methods are increasingly used to explain complex machine learning models. However, current methods are limited because they are extremely expensive to compute or are not capable of explaining a distributed series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Hugh Chen , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Shapley value has recently become a popular way to explain the predictions of complex and simple machine learning models. This paper is discusses the factors that influence Shapley value. In particular, we explore the relationship between…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-24 Harsh Kumar , Jithu Chandran

In spite of increased attention on explainable machine learning models, explaining multi-output predictions has not yet been extensively addressed. Methods that use Shapley values to attribute feature contributions to the decision making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Célia Wafa Ayad , Thomas Bonnier , Benjamin Bosch , Jesse Read

Researchers in explainable artificial intelligence have developed numerous methods for helping users understand the predictions of complex supervised learning models. By contrast, explaining the $\textit{uncertainty}$ of model outputs has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-01 David S. Watson , Joshua O'Hara , Niek Tax , Richard Mudd , Ido Guy

Feature importance techniques have enjoyed widespread attention in the explainable AI literature as a means of determining how trained machine learning models make their predictions. We consider Shapley value based approaches to feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Mattia Villani , Joshua Lockhart , Daniele Magazzeni

In healthcare, making the best possible predictions with complex models (e.g., neural networks, ensembles/stacks of different models) can impact patient welfare. In order to make these complex models explainable, we present DeepSHAP for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Hugh Chen , Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Feature attributions based on the Shapley value are popular for explaining machine learning models; however, their estimation is complex from both a theoretical and computational standpoint. We disentangle this complexity into two factors:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Hugh Chen , Ian C. Covert , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Originally introduced in cooperative game theory, Shapley values have become a very popular tool to explain machine learning predictions. Based on Shapley's fairness axioms, every input (feature component) gets a credit how it contributes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-19 Michael Mayer , Mario V. Wüthrich

Unpacking and comprehending how black-box machine learning algorithms make decisions has been a persistent challenge for researchers and end-users. Explaining time-series predictive models is useful for clinical applications with high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Amin Nayebi , Sindhu Tipirneni , Chandan K Reddy , Brandon Foreman , Vignesh Subbian

Interpretability is central for scientific machine learning, as understanding \emph{why} models make predictions enables hypothesis generation and validation. While tabular foundation models show strong performance, existing explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Luan Borges Teodoro Reis Sena , Francisco Galuppo Azevedo

Shapley values are great analytical tools in game theory to measure the importance of a player in a game. Due to their axiomatic and desirable properties such as efficiency, they have become popular for feature importance analysis in data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Ramin Okhrati , Aldo Lipani

Explainability in yield prediction helps us fully explore the potential of machine learning models that are already able to achieve high accuracy for a variety of yield prediction scenarios. The data included for the prediction of yields…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Florian Huber , Hannes Engler , Anna Kicherer , Katja Herzog , Reinhard Töpfer , Volker Steinhage

The original development of Shapley values for prediction explanation relied on the assumption that the features being described were independent. If the features in reality are dependent this may lead to incorrect explanations. Hence,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-15 Kjersti Aas , Thomas Nagler , Martin Jullum , Anders Løland

While preference modelling is becoming one of the pillars of machine learning, the problem of preference explanation remains challenging and underexplored. In this paper, we propose \textsc{Pref-SHAP}, a Shapley value-based model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-09 Robert Hu , Siu Lun Chau , Jaime Ferrando Huertas , Dino Sejdinovic

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) has become a popular method to attribute the prediction of a machine learning model on an input to its features. One main challenge of SHAP is the computation time. An exact computation of Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-06 Linwei Hu , Ke Wang

Shapley values have become increasingly popular in the machine learning literature thanks to their attractive axiomatisation, flexibility, and uniqueness in satisfying certain notions of `fairness'. The flexibility arises from the myriad…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-09 Daniel Vidali Fryer , Inga Strümke , Hien Nguyen

Originating in game theory, Shapley values are widely used for explaining a machine learning model's prediction by quantifying the contribution of each feature's value to the prediction. This requires a scalar prediction as in binary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Paul-Gauthier Noé , Miquel Perelló-Nieto , Jean-François Bonastre , Peter Flach

Feature attribution methods help make machine learning-based inference explainable by determining how much one or several features have contributed to a model's output. A particularly popular attribution method is based on the Shapley value…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Filip Naudot , Tobias Sundqvist , Timotheus Kampik

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. In the present paper, we adopted the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP), which is based on fair profit allocation among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Yasunobu Nohara , Koutarou Matsumoto , Hidehisa Soejima , Naoki Nakashima

This paper introduces the shapr R package, a versatile tool for generating Shapley value-based prediction explanations for machine learning and statistical regression models. Moreover, the shaprpy Python library brings the core capabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Martin Jullum , Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Jon Lachmann , Annabelle Redelmeier