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We propose a conditional independence (CI) test based on a new measure, the \emph{spectral generalized covariance measure} (SGCM). The SGCM is constructed by expressing the squared norm of the conditional cross-covariance operator in…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-07 Ryunosuke Miyazaki , Yoshimasa Uematsu

Software systems with large parameter spaces, nondeterminism and high computational cost are challenging to test. Recently, software testing techniques based on causal inference have been successfully applied to systems that exhibit such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Michael Foster , Robert M. Hierons , Donghwan Shin , Neil Walkinshaw , Christopher Wild

We suggest a dependence coefficient between a categorical variable and some general variable taking values in a metric space. We derive important theoretical properties and study the large sample behaviour of our suggested estimator.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Siegfried Hörmann , Daniel Strenger-Galvis

We present a sound and complete algorithm, called iterative causal discovery (ICD), for recovering causal graphs in the presence of latent confounders and selection bias. ICD relies on the causal Markov and faithfulness assumptions and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Raanan Y. Rohekar , Shami Nisimov , Yaniv Gurwicz , Gal Novik

We study a class of determinantal ideals that are related to conditional independence (CI) statements with hidden variables. Such CI statements correspond to determinantal conditions on a matrix whose entries are probabilities of events…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2023-01-02 Oliver Clarke , Fatemeh Mohammadi , Johannes Rauh

Testing (conditional) independence of multivariate random variables is a task central to statistical inference and modelling in general - though unfortunately one for which to date there does not exist a practicable workflow. State-of-art…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-01 Samuel Burkart , Franz J Király

In this article, we consider the problem of testing the independence between two random variables. Our primary objective is to develop tests that are highly effective at detecting associations arising from explicit or implicit functional…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-21 Seetharaman P , Sagnik Das , Angshuman Roy

We explore fairness from a statistical perspective by selectively utilizing either conditional distance covariance or distance covariance statistics as measures to assess the independence between predictions and sensitive attributes. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Ruifan Huang , Haixia Liu

We give a new consistent scoring function for structure learning of Bayesian networks. In contrast to traditional approaches to score-based structure learning, such as BDeu or MDL, the complexity penalty that we propose is data-dependent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-05-13 Eliot Brenner , David Sontag

Distinguishing between cause and effect using time series observational data is a major challenge in many scientific fields. A new perspective has been provided based on the principle of Independence of Causal Mechanisms (ICM), leading to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-01 Michel Besserve , Naji Shajarisales , Dominik Janzing , Bernhard Schölkopf

Controlling false positives (Type I errors) through statistical hypothesis testing is a foundation of modern scientific data analysis. Existing causal structure discovery algorithms either do not provide Type I error control or cannot scale…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-29 James Leiner , Brian Manzo , Aaditya Ramdas , Wesley Tansey

Fields like public health, public policy, and social science often want to quantify the degree of dependence between variables whose relationships take on unknown functional forms. Typically, in fact, researchers in these fields are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-12-10 Octavio César Mesner , Cosma Rohilla Shalizi

As any scientific discipline, the software engineering (SE) research community strives to contribute to the betterment of the target population of our research: software producers and consumers. We will only achieve this betterment if we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Julian Frattini , Hans-Martin Heyn , Robert Feldt , Richard Torkar

Complexity measures in the context of the Integrated Information Theory of consciousness try to quantify the strength of the causal connections between different neurons. This is done by minimizing the KL-divergence between a full system…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-09 Carlotta Langer , Nihat Ay

When domain knowledge is limited and experimentation is restricted by ethical, financial, or time constraints, practitioners turn to observational causal discovery methods to recover the causal structure, exploiting the statistical…

Mixture proportion estimation (MPE) aims to estimate class priors from unlabeled data. This task is a critical component in weakly supervised learning, such as PU learning, learning with label noise, and domain adaptation. Existing MPE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yushi Hirose , Akito Narahara , Takafumi Kanamori

In this paper we present a method ofcomputing the posterior probability ofconditional independence of two or morecontinuous variables from data,examined at several resolutions. Ourapproach is motivated by theobservation that the appearance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-14 Dimitris Margaritis , Sebastian Thrun

Measurement error in the observed values of the variables can greatly change the output of various causal discovery methods. This problem has received much attention in multiple fields, but it is not clear to what extent the causal model…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-14 Kun Zhang , Mingming Gong , Joseph Ramsey , Kayhan Batmanghelich , Peter Spirtes , Clark Glymour

We develope the framework of transitional conditional independence. For this we introduce transition probability spaces and transitional random variables. These constructions will generalize, strengthen and unify previous notions of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-30 Patrick Forré

Scientists regularly pose questions about treatment effects on outcomes conditional on a post-treatment event. However, causal inference in such settings requires care, even in perfectly executed randomized experiments. Recently, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-19 Chan Park , Mats Stensrud , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen