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Bell inequalities may only be derived, if hidden variables do not depend on the experimental settings. The stochastic independence of hidden and setting variables is called: freedom of choice, free will, measurement independence or no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-01 Marian Kupczynski

This paper introduces an innovative method for conducting conditional independence testing in high-dimensional data, facilitating the automated discovery of significant associations within distinct subgroups of a population, all while…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-19 Matteo Sesia , Tianshu Sun

Conditional local independence is an asymmetric independence relation among continuous time stochastic processes. It describes whether the evolution of one process is directly influenced by another process given the histories of additional…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-26 Alexander Mangulad Christgau , Lasse Petersen , Niels Richard Hansen

This paper introduces the \textit{weighted partial copula} function for testing conditional independence. The proposed test procedure results from these two ingredients: (i) the test statistic is an explicit Cramer-von Mises transformation…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-15 Pascal Bianchi , Kevin Elgui , François Portier

Inferring the causal structure that links n observables is usually based upon detecting statistical dependences and choosing simple graphs that make the joint measure Markovian. Here we argue why causal inference is also possible when only…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-04-24 Dominik Janzing , Bernhard Schoelkopf

We present and evaluate the Fast (conditional) Independence Test (FIT) -- a nonparametric conditional independence test. The test is based on the idea that when $P(X \mid Y, Z) = P(X \mid Y)$, $Z$ is not useful as a feature to predict $X$,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-04-10 Krzysztof Chalupka , Pietro Perona , Frederick Eberhardt

The test of independence is a crucial component of modern data analysis. However, traditional methods often struggle with the complex dependency structures found in high-dimensional data. To overcome this challenge, we introduce a novel…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-13 Mingshuo Liu , Doudou Zhou , Hao Chen

Causal discovery methods based on the PC algorithm are proven to be sound if all structural assumptions are fulfilled and all conditional independence tests are correct. This idealized setting is rarely given in real data. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-19 Sofia Faltenbacher , Jonas Wahl , Rebecca Herman , Jakob Runge

As causal ground truth is incredibly rare, causal discovery algorithms are commonly only evaluated on simulated data. This is concerning, given that simulations reflect preconceptions about generating processes regarding noise…

The conditional randomization test (CRT) was recently proposed to test whether two random variables X and Y are conditionally independent given random variables Z. The CRT assumes that the conditional distribution of X given Z is known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Shuai Li , Ziqi Chen , Hongtu Zhu , Christina Dan Wang , Wang Wen

For testing conditional independence (CI) of a response Y and a predictor X given covariates Z, the recently introduced model-X (MX) framework has been the subject of active methodological research, especially in the context of MX knockoffs…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-01 Eugene Katsevich , Aaditya Ramdas

The causal Markov condition (CMC) is a postulate that links observations to causality. It describes the conditional independences among the observations that are entailed by a causal hypothesis in terms of a directed acyclic graph. In the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-02-23 Bastian Steudel , Dominik Janzing , Bernhard Schoelkopf

Causal discovery witnessed significant progress over the past decades. In particular, many recent causal discovery methods make use of independent, non-Gaussian noise to achieve identifiability of the causal models. Existence of hidden…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-06 Chenwei Ding , Mingming Gong , Kun Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Hidden variables are well known sources of disturbance when recovering belief networks from data based only on measurable variables. Hence models assuming existence of hidden variables are under development. This paper presents a new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Mieczysław A. Kłopotek

This paper presents Bayesian techniques for conservative claims about software reliability, particularly when evidence suggests the software's executions are not statistically independent. We formalise informal notions of "doubting" that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Kizito Salako , Xingyu Zhao

A major challenge in estimating treatment effects in observational studies is the reliance on untestable conditions such as the assumption of no unmeasured confounding. In this work, we propose an algorithm that can falsify the assumption…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-03 Rickard K. A. Karlsson , Jesse H. Krijthe

The goal of this paper is to integrate the notions of stochastic conditional independence and variation conditional independence under a more general notion of extended conditional independence. We show that under appropriate assumptions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-28 Panayiota Constantinou , A. Philip Dawid

It is a common saying that testing for conditional independence, i.e., testing whether whether two random vectors $X$ and $Y$ are independent, given $Z$, is a hard statistical problem if $Z$ is a continuous random variable (or vector). In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-25 Rajen D. Shah , Jonas Peters

Identifying dependency in multivariate data is a common inference task that arises in numerous applications. However, existing nonparametric independence tests typically require computation that scales at least quadratically with the sample…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-08 Shai Gorsky , Li Ma

Causal inference studies whether the presence of a variable influences an observed outcome. As measured by quantities such as the "average treatment effect," this paradigm is employed across numerous biological fields, from vaccine and drug…